(1) The term cultural geography is as old as human geography and it finds its roots in the concept of imagined geography at the same time. Culture can be considered as a foundation of the human beings, therefore it can be said that the studies that deal with the cultural and social aspects of the human beings is the branch of cultural geography (Crouch et al. 2016). While discussing the idea of cultural geography, it can be said that the notion associates with the concept that there are few eternal metaphysical cores to the geography independent of the historical situations will relate as the nature of the academic discipline has always been negotiated with different places and different people. Cultural geography has generated interest in many in the first half of 20th century as the cultural factors were considered to have a profound impact in the geographical distribution (Liu et al. 2018).
The concept of human geography was mostly considered as a part of natural science as it deals with the association of human being with their surroundings, on the other hand the cultural geography has mostly considered the milieu relationships taking part during the 20th century. It can also be visualized as a series of politicized intellectual engagements within the world. It can reflect a specific style of thinking which can be motivated in a different way in diverse places. At the initial stage, the idea of cultural geography was more focused on listing the locations and movements of the object artifacts.
The cultural geographers believed that the object artifacts mostly the housings refer to the culture to a great extent (Prato 2016). Therefore, the cultural geography that was concerned more about the artifacts refer mostly to the graffiti and the buildings, however those care much less about the diversified nature of the culture. In the later years the cultural geographers concentrated more on the culture’s diverse nature and more researches were done on this aspect (Veeck et al. 2017). The focus has shifted from the exotic landscapes and livelihoods to the study of beliefs, values, practices and languages which influence the individual’s way of life. The habits, practices and meanings were considered to be more important in this era (Wu, Wang and Dai 2016). It is also difficult to overvalue the influence of the essentialism on the notion of cultural geography along with the inherent engagement of the notion with various life styles which contribute in transforming the abstract spaces into living worlds. However the concept of cultural geography has been enlarged radically with the course of time and included different approaches.
Various scholars have visualized culture as a particular meaning or doing, however many such approaches have been continuously criticized for being too much dependent on the material conditions of the housing and landscape (Dickinson 2014). The recent work on cultural geography has moved its shift to the generalized notions from its yearlong philosophical anthropologies; therefore it has reinstated the richness and affluence of the world into the concept. In this light it is noteworthy to mention that cultural geography has a long history of thinking culture spatially along with the continuously evolving spatial embroidery of the discourses and historical events (Duncan and Agnew 2014). If a geographical imagination and a profound understanding of the culture are identified, it can be observed that new methods are to be used for addressing the notion of cultural geography.
As the academic discipline, geography is associated with a sheer heritage of discovery and exploration. It can be argued that this relates the notion of cultural geography with a strong and positive consequence with the empirical research in various sites (Zilber 2018). This also relates the notion of cultural geography to the idea of it being empirical as well, therefore in this purpose; the case studies contribute as evidence, validation and intervention. On the contrary, there is another thinking approach that says that the case studies should not be visualized as simple definitions and descriptions of the surroundings (Duncan and Agnew 2014). For the purpose of cultural geography, the case studies are not mere applications of any abstract model; rather these are the passionate suggestion of the surroundings. In light to this, it can be said that every individual presents a different view through their own worldviews, but the concept of cultural geography does not attempt unfolding everything they find there, rather cultural geography seeks driving a particular purpose through evacuating those worlds (Zhu and Wei 2016).
The cultural geographical knowledge of China has always been impacted and implicated with the wider circumstances and histories of the country along with considering the source of the knowledge. It can be observed that most of the cultural geographies of China have been studied by individuals residing outside of China (Turner 2014.). Most of the literatures in China written in the 1980’s have focused on the economic geography of the country such as foreign investment, regional development, migration, urbanization, environmental changes and several others. In fact it can also be identified that the cultural geography along with the social, political and the historical has been underrepresented (McGregor 2016).
It can be observed that the most common theme in the cultural geography texts in English language is tourism that focused on the ethnic tourist sites, their sustainable development, and representation of the tourist landscape in the globalized era (Qi 2014). Therefore it can be said that most of the studies done on the cultural geography of China in English language have concentrated on three major parts, namely, the interest in the rural architectures and landscape that aims to document the material culture of antiquarian and rural landscape, the interest in the cultural minorities and the international migrants in different cities in China (Turner 2014).
(2) There are different forms pertaining to contemporary exclusion that rises from urban segregation. The isolation of the banlieues around that of the French town point forward to this kind of exclusion. It is cut off from that of the urban centre by the facility of transport. It helps in perpetuating a cycle of prejudice along with marginalization. Twentieth century was witnessing to the undermining of framework that helped in providing context pertaining to self. Multiple dislocations have taken place in the modern era that demands new ways pertaining to understanding (Valentine 2014).
The environment has been refashioned and time has been compressed on account of the new technologies pertaining to communication. Concept of the non-place has problematized place pertaining to the contemporary citizen. ‘Post-modern thesis’ has given rise to a fragmented self and it suffers from the scourges of ‘ontological insecurity’ (Koss and Sato 2016). The identity of the individuals in the modern world has undergone development within the imagined geographies and it has helped in the creation of new landscape pertaining to belonging (Stott 2015).
The residents of the ‘old’ Belleville has displayed strong sense pertaining to community and it helps in celebrating the uniqueness pertaining to this specific quartier of the city, Paris. Idea pertaining to a locality can help in destroying or preserving that of the physical features. Stott has brought out the power pertaining to “imagined geographies” and the quartier by the name of ‘Belleville’ has helped in the process of transgressing of the administrative boundaries (Sidaway et al. 2014). Annie Ousset- Krief has brought to life a popular area pertaining to a great city: the east part of the New York whose identity was changed on account of the infiltration of the Jews. The area went through great amount of changes owing to the influx of the poor migrants. The Jews settled down in the East side tenement and re-established the structure so that they could recreate sense pertaining to home (Graves and Rechniewski 2015). Their investment in that of the new territory left behind architectural legacy and it helped in representing a link with that of the past life.
(3) Entirely, Orientalism is a field of educated examination. In the Christian West, Orientalism is considered to have started its formal presence with the choice of the Church Council of Vienne in 1312 to set up a progression of seats in “Arabic, Greek, Hebrew, and Syriac at Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Avignon, and Salamanca.” Yet any record of Orientalism would need to consider the expert Orientalist and his work as well as the plain thought of a field of concentrate in view of a geological, social, semantic, and ethnic unit called the Orient. Fields, obviously, are made (Chapman 2016). They secure lucidness and honesty in time since researchers commit themselves in various approaches to what is by all accounts a usually settled upon topic. However it’s implied that a field of study is once in a while as essentially characterized as even its most dedicated partisans – generally researchers, educators, specialists, and so forth – assert it is (Zhang 2017). In addition, a field can change so totally, in even the most conventional controls like philology, history, or religious philosophy, as to make a universally handy meaning of topic relatively outlandish. This is positively valid for Orientalism, for some intriguing reasons.
The second piece of Chapter One of Orientalism is entitled: “Innovative Geography and its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental.” In this segment, Said contends that Orientalism depends vigorously on the creation of topographical information in the majestic focus, since for him any portrayal of the Orient is essentially spatial. However, past the systems of mapping that underplayed the royal venture, he is keen on coaxing out the social and emblematic areas of this geological comprehension, since it is the social legislative issues of room and place that he is essentially worried about revealing (Zhang 2017). Accordingly, his is anything but a commonplace geological endeavor, one that tries to guide us to the cartographic strategies of what he calls the Orientalizing procedure. Despite what might be expected, Said’s point is to inconvenience good judgment understandings of room, for this situation of the Orient, with a specific end goal to destabilize the spatial, and might include, racial request whereupon Oriental learning is created (Zhang 2017).
To additionally build up the strain between the material and emblematic that Said is hoping to inconvenience, it will be swung to the reference which was consolidated toward the start of the article. Depending on Gaston Bachelard, Said utilizes the illustration of within a house to guide us to how target spaces get a feeling of closeness, mystery and security because of encounters that appear to be suitable to it (Zhang 2017). He puts forth the somewhat provocative expression that the target space of a house is far less vital than what he calls the poetics of room. Through such poetics, the space of a house, its material measurements maybe, are supplied with creative value(s) through which a scope of social implications is ascribed to a specific space. Along these lines, through this inventive procedure, space picks up an entire arrangement of implications that are generally not normally encapsulated in any given material space (Said 2016). To build up this thought further, it has been likewise exhibited how this same procedure works in connection to time.
Thinking about this, one may contend that the core of Said’s land venture lies in his explanation of how remove itself isn’t settled, in an indistinguishable sense from the passageway or storeroom in within our homes, since separate is made and made clear through social practices, for example, the poetics of room, where, as in the main reference has been given over, “the empty or mysterious compasses of separation are changed over into significance for us here” (Said 2016). Consequently, Said spreads out the social practices that deliver Western learning about the Orient all through Orientalism.
Parts of the second key element of the idea of innovative geologies that has been featured can likewise be found in the last reference, when Said motions to how creative geology can “assist the brain with intensifying its own particular feeling of itself. As a whole, Said contends all through Orientalism that a long way from being a blameless undertaking of magnificent importance making (Said 2016). One could state, in a signal to Henri Lefebvre and Michel Foucault that space and subjectivity are commonly constitutive, in that subjects characterize a specific space in the ways Said talks about, and a given space produces specific subjects (Said 2016).
Along these lines, living in Paris, for instance, One may have a specific, truly particular method for envisioning and rehearsing my city (how one see the city in connection to others, what a man accepts can occur in various parts of the city, who one can see as having a place, and so forth) which constitutes the space, yet the space of the city additionally characterizes what sort of subject one can be (what sort of neighborhood a man can live in, whom a man sees regular, where he goes to shop, to play, and so forth) (Said 2016). It is this exchange amongst space and subjectivity that one might need to feature here in connection to Said’s thought of ‘creative topography,’ before proceeding with two employments of this idea in geology and post-provincial hypothesis.
(4) This piece of the exposition demonstrates that China has entered another stage in its development direction in the 2000s. There has been a spatial rebalancing of financial development for the inside and the hole in GDP per capita between the drift and inland has limited that has led to the development of the imagined geographies. This macroeconomic make up for lost time reflects, with a period slack, the union procedure which has been grinding away in assembling industry since the finish of the 1990s (Zhu and Wei 2016). The Chinese case represents Rodrik’s finding of an unequivocal joining in assembling industry, i.e. a precise affinity of .lingering behind nations to make up for lost time with more extravagant ones regardless of their attributes. It likewise features how the “flying geese” display works inside a tremendous nation with still substantial territorial aberrations (Guoa 2014).
It recommends that inland industry has been getting up to speed the work profitability level of the seaside business, on account of the exchange of innovation and capital from these most developed locales. China is accordingly ending up progressively coordinated as far as innovative level (Jiang and Xu 2016). The industrialization of the inward locales opens up new prospects for the Chinese improvement and brought about changes pertaining to imagined geographies. Depending basically on residential market and capital, inland modern example is in accordance with the change to a development display less subject to worldwide markets (Mualem 2016). Nonetheless, this inland industrialization drive should be made perfect with the new need of advancing utilization over venture and of securing the earth.
(5) To conclude, it can be said that the notion of imagined geography is mostly deep rooted within the community and at the same time it is also subjective. This happens through various audio and visual media along with sharing the experience gained by staying overseas. It can also be said that the imagined here is not referring towards something being made up or being false, rather the idea of imagined geography finds its root back to the perceived notion of a space or the perception of any place that are created through various imageries, discourse, cultures, ethnicities and languages. Therefore it can also be said that the imagined geography is a specific outline of a social construction. It can also be understood that the concept of orientalism is associated with the chaotic contemporary historical dynamics as well. Considering the case study of China, it can be observed that most of the studies about the geography and the cultural, ethnic and imagined geography have been done by the individuals coming out of China. Orientalism even if understood from the wide scope, it has been considered as discursive and mostly considered to be normal within the western communities. Therefore, this essay has discussed the notion of cultural geography in order to understand the imagined geography and discussed further how the imagined geography of China is evolving through the course of time. In light to those discussions, it can be said that the imagined geography of China needs to driven by more discussions of the Chinese significance along with relevant and meaningful answers and simultaneously it should derive more theoretical notions which will diversify the imagined geographical knowledge.
Introduction:
The idea of imagined geographies came from the works of Edward Said. The term “imagined” does not mean being “false” or “made up”. It can rather be stated to be synonymous with the term “perceived”. Therefore it can be said that the term “imagined geography” is indicative of the idea of a space which has been created by utilizing some specific discourses, texts or imagery. A space or a place can acquire rational and emotional sense only by the poetic process, even though the anonymous or vacant distance reaches can be converted into different meaning. This essay has argued that the concept of orientalism relies strongly on producing the geographical knowledge within the imperial sphere as mostly the orient representations are special.
“Geopolitics” can be defined as the practice by taking recourse to which the intellectuals pertaining to state craft can give meaning to that of “world politics” within the interstate system. Geopolitics is indicative of the mechanisms that can be used for the construction of the world. Social representation pertaining to the world can be defined as “worlding” by certain segment of the theorists and it is also called “geo-graphing” from that of global political space. The term “ “geopolitics” is made use of to denote the relationship that exists between geography, state and that of the world politics (Straughan 2016). Geopolitics refers to the panoptic form pertaining to knowledge that helped in the analysis of the world power. The embedding of the imperialist project in relation to certain states helped in the generation of comprehensive vision in relation to the world politics.
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