Background of the Study
Community policing could be traced back to the 1960s and 1970s. As a strategy,
community policing has been proven effective in addressing criminal activities and social
disorders from the documented experiences around the world. In the United States, for
example, according to the Centre for Problem Oriented Policing, community policing
emerged as a result of concerns about rising crime rates and the national civil rights
movement. Maynall, Baker and Hunter (1995:41) have also confirmed that the police-
community relations originated in the late 1950s but became more pronounced in the 1960s
as result of the civil rights movement. But the emergence of community policing in other
countries was majorly as a result of the failure in the traditional methods of policing in
delivering ‘tangible reductions in local crime rates’ and the demand for more police
accountability in the wake of rising crime levels (Anderson, Abstract 2005). In Australia for
instance, community policing was observed to be an innovative way of tackling and
forestalling crime activities (Anderson J, 2005).
However, the concept has continued to experience problems in the course of its
implementation. South Africa may perhaps provide a good case in point. The country has
entrenched community policing in its constitution. In which case, the Police Service is
mandated to establish and sustain partnerships between the community and the service.
Further, they are expected to cultivate good communication with the community. However,
given the history of the ‘Rainbow’ nation and its experience with apartheid system, the
results are bound to be mixed as indicated by the 2008 xenophobic attacks amidst allegations
of police complacency. Yesufu (2012) argued that community policing may only thrive if
there is social harmony and cohesiveness among members of the society.
Bahadır et al. (2011) have observed that the last few decades have seen a shift in the
police operations across many countries whereby the police have changed from a ‘force’ to a
‘service’. In this regard, community policing as a strategy has gained more popularity across
the world. But its implementation in solving security concerns among community units has
been faced with challenges (Bahadır et al., 2011). It is therefore in view of the
3
aforementioned concerns that I have set out in this study to investigate the impacts of role of
socialization in the Police Service and community policing in Kenya.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
In Kenya, like in many countries, urban crime and violence remains a significant
challenge to the police service. The National Task Force on Kenya Police Reforms
established in the year 2004 recommended for the establishment of a National Community
Policing programme. Under the current constitution 2010, the Police Service has been
reorganised with more emphasis being placed on inter-dependence between civilians and the
police service under the leadership of an Inspector General as well as the Independent
Policing Oversight Authority. A revised draft policy on community policing is also in place
(Kimani, 2009).
Despite these initiatives, criminal activities in the urban areas have not reduced in
significant margins. Further, new and genuine threats from terror attacks mostly in the capital
city have continued to linger in the minds of city dwellers. Kenya has a ratio of 1 policeman
to 1150 citizens (Kimani 2009), against a recommended ratio of 1:450 by the United Nations.
The low ratio of police to population, alleged corruption practices together with the wide
budgetary constraints are just some of the reasons for poor police service provision in Kenya.
Effective community policing, however, is a simple and cost-saving strategy that can be
applied to deal with urban crimes and social disorders.
This research, therefore, seeks to examine the extent to which role socialization within
the police service has undermined effective community policing as a method of crime
prevention in Kenya with the Kasarani Police Division in Nairobi County as the study area.
The broad assumption of the study is that role socialization of the police service in Kenya is
inherently incompatible with the success of community policing. Corruption, for example,
has been pointed out as one of the ills of the police service in Kenya. The police have been
accused of soliciting for bribes on every opportunity for the services they offer the society.
The society is thus reluctant to work with the police service owing to their fear of incurring
expenses from corruption.
The main research questions in this study therefore are:
4
a) How does the police service organization framework hinder the attainment of
effective community policing in Kasarani Division, Nairobi Kenya?
b) What problem-solving strategies have been adopted to promote effective community
policing?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary purpose of the study is to examine factors affecting role socialization in
the police service and community policing strategy in the Kasarani Police Division. The
specific objectives of the study include the following;
i. To assess the organizational barriers hindering the effectiveness of community
policing.
ii. To evaluate the problem solving approaches adopted to achieve effective community
policing.
1.4 Justification for the Study
This study has both policy and academic justifications. The policy justification pertains to its
policy relevance whereas the academic justification pertains to its contribution to the existing
knowledge.
1.4.1 Policy Justification
In term of its policy relevance, the findings of the study will be used to give policy
guidelines to the concerned ministries in Government. This study will offer guidance to
policy makers in making policies regarding community policing. Specifically, policy makers
will be able to develop better strategies that help in the management of the police force.
Specifically, it will assist in developing laws that ensure accountability of the police service
to the community, as well as how community policing can be improved using role
socialization. The various departments concerned with internal security will also benefit from
5
the research as it will help them to understand how best to exploit role socialization in
fostering better security in the community.
For the past few years, the Kenyan government has struggled with stabilising the state
of local security. Most specifically, the state of security has been shaky since the government
started taking part in the war against Al Shabaab in Somalia. Certain terror groups intend to
use terrorism to force the Kenyan forces out of Somalia. During this period, it becomes the
role of every citizen to promote security by offering information on crime and co-operation to
the police. This research will offer guidance to the police on the best way to foster
cooperation with the community and enable such people to provide them with intelligence.
1.4.2 Academic Justification
While there has been a lot of research on the area of policing, little research has been
done in Kenya regarding this issue. The article by Trojanowitz and Bucqueroux (1990)
argues that community policing should strive to enhance and empower the family unit, but
one important area is left out. The article does not identify the role of the family in the pursuit
of community policing particularly with regard to role socialization. Jiao (1998) does a good
job at identifying the measures that should be put in place to reduce crime in the society. He,
however, fails to mention the role of the police in role socialization and how it can be
enhanced. While specific scholars such as Moore (1992) acknowledge the need of forging a
relationship between the police and the community, they do not offer specific guidelines on
how such a relationship can be established. Overall, there is a need to perform research that
provides guidance on the role of forming a relationship between the police and the
community. As a major shareholder and beneficiary of the society, the role of the family also
needs to be better understood. This research will seek to offer guidance in this regard.
6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
This chapter will include a review of the literature as well as a statement of the
theoretical conceptual framework. The literature review entails a detailed examination of the
pertinent secondary information with a view to establishing the gaps in the available
literature. Under the theoretical framework, the guiding theory/concept for the study is
identified and explained. From the theoretical/conceptual framework, the central guiding
hypotheses for the study are generated, which are subsequently operationalized.
2.2 Literature Review
The pertinent literature is reviewed under the following thematic areas: factors
affecting role socialisation in the police service and community policing, the extent of
partnership between the community and the police service, and the organisational
frameworks for effective community policing.
2.2.1 Factors affecting role socialisation in the police service and community policing
Among those who have contributed to literature in this thematic area are Bahadir and
Erhan (2011), Trojanowitz and Bucqueroux (1990), and Salmi, Voeten and Keskinen (2005).
According to Bahadir and Erhan (2011) many countries across the world have shifted the
role of the police from a more military kind of ‘force’ to a more friendly police ‘service’ on
realisation that the nature of the police duties (vis a vis to the subjects they serve) is more
social and communal. Issues of civil rights, unemployment concerns, domestic violence and
drug and substance abuse are some of the social concerns leading to insecurity today. In the
wake of these and other social problems, the fundamental point therefore is that “both the
police and the community must work together as equal partners to identify, prioritize and
solve contemporary problems with the goal of improving the overall quality of life in the
area” (Bahadir and Erhan, 2011).
7
According to Trojanowitz and Bucqueroux (1990), community policing is influenced
by various factors. One of those factors is the family unit with which they are engaged. For
community policing to be effective, the family unit must be enhanced and empowered.
Rather than approaching a criminal scenario on the grounds of the perpetrator, community
policing should seek the intervention of the family as well. Community policing closes the
gap between the police and the individual in consultation with the family (Trojanowicz and
Bucqueroux, 1990). However, the article by Trojanowitz and Bucqueroux (1990) does not
review the role of the family in community policing. Instead, it views the role of community
policing as that of the individual in the setting of the society. In this research paper, the role
of the family in enhancing community policing will be strengthened.
According to Salmi, Voeten and Keskinen (2005), the role of the police in the
community is often misunderstood. While the police have a big role to play, most individuals
feel that the police do not go the full way in trying to maintain law and order. The police, for
example, are noted not to conduct sufficient patrols among the community. This then implies
that the majority community feels underserved and neglected. The police’s role of providing
security is then not fulfilled. Most members of the society believe that the police force
devotes its efforts to reacting to crime rather than working towards eliminating it in the
society (Salmi, Voeten and Keskinen, 2005).
According to Jiao (1998), community-oriented policing has another important
function in terms of roles of police officers. He suggests that community policing requires
that police organizations enlarge the scale of the roles of the police officers as well as their
engagement in more proactive activities. The concept of community policing postulates that,
apart from dealing with the actual law enforcement and/or crime prevention, the police are
expected to maintain order and offer community services in partnerships with residents of a
particular region. The concept of community policing dwells more on proactive initiatives in
contrast to the traditional reactive models. Overall community policing should be taken as an
‘organisational strategy’ for the police service in tackling social disorders in the society (Jiao,
1998). This research article, however, fails to touch on the specific roles the police should
play to make their position in community policing more efficient. There are also no case
studies of regions that have applied these strategies in community policing. This research
paper will serve to provide a real example of the Kasarani Police Division in Nairobi, Kenya.
2.2.2 The extent of partnership between the community and the police service
8
Another thematic area in the pertinent literature pertains to the partnership between
the community and the police force. Among those who have contributed to this thematic area
are Skogan (2006),Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1990), Sherman and Eck (2002), and
Skolnick and Bayley, (1988). From the description of community policing, according to
Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (1990), there has been an emphasis on the promotion of “a new
partnership between people and their police”. In this regard, both parties must understand the
important role of their partner in identifying and prioritising problems affecting the
community as well as devising strategies for tackling these issues. Also, it is important for the
policy makers to elaborate on the roles of each partner well to prevent disharmony in the
implementation of the community policing strategy. This is in agreement with the work of
Skojan (2006) who further observes that in addition to engaging the citizen in community
policing the police service should become responsive to community concerns. Among the
entry points for engaging the community in community policing strategy include
systematicand periodic community surveys, community meetings and meeting with advisory
groups and businessmen.
Coquilhat (2008) observes that random police patrols and rapid responses often raise
uneasiness between the police and the community. Community members are more likely to
share intelligence with the police service if they are engaged in community policing more
intensely and support requests for emergency, and non-emergency services are made more
prompt by the service. The police service system also needs to be conspicuous in the
community (Coquilhat, 2008).
According to Sherman and Eck (2002), positive police-community relations have
been associated with declining levels of crime and social disorders. This can be made
possible through sensitisation of the public through media such as setting up friendly micro-
stations. The continued partnerships are necessary since “community policing relies on the
community to define its problems or crime issues, and police and agencies work in
partnership with the community to address the problems”. Sherman and Eck (2002),
however, do not determine how effective the interaction between the police and the public
has been in the past. Moreover, they do not determine if this is true for every case scenario.
Would the same rules be applicable in the Kasarani area as well as other regions in Kenya?
9
Harrison Moore (1992) has stressed the aspect of forging partnership by pointing that
“community policing emphasizes the establishment of working partnerships between police
and communities to reduce crime and enhance security.” He suggests that the relationship
between the community and the police could help to strengthen the mechanisms that are laid
down in the attempt to secure the community (Moore, 1992). However, he does not point out
specific ways the police force and other partners of community policing can play promote
this relationship. Moreover, he does not say how role socialization can ensure that such a
relationship can be fostered.
2.2.3 Organisational framework and effective community policing
Among those who have contributed to this thematic area areWestley G. Stogan (1998,
James Forman (2004), Jihong S. Zhao, NP Lovrich& TP Robinson (2003) and Allan Y. JiYao
(1998).
Community policing is accepted as a philosophy and practice that has been the most
important contemporary police innovation designed to reduce crime (Zhao, et al. 2001).A
large number of literary works, all with different perspectives exist on the subject, with most
of the research being aimed at showing the effectiveness of community policing in crime
prevention. The article fails to identify why, if community policy is as important, why then is
it not universally accepted as such?
According to Forman (2004), community policing is seen an “organizational strategy” for
running a police department. His view is community policing is a reorganization of the
community police relationship in an area. To this end, any organizational structure that will
improve this interaction will largely influence the success of community policing.
According to Reno, et al. (1998) and JiYao (1998), the police must decentralize their
organizational structure and shift command responsibility to lower rank levels. They further
propose that the implementation of community policing is more likely to yield results if
Commanders and Sergeants understood the philosophy of community policing and support
their juniors to implement the same. Within this context, the management/administration will
10
have to demonstrate a commitment to the process both in terms of resource allocation and
supervision. The relevant literatures By Forman (2004), Reno, et al. (1998), and Ji Yao
(1998) do not propose a solution to the fragmentation and loss of control that arises as a result
of the decentralization, or ways in which these effects can be mitigated.
According to Skogan (2005), a good way to evaluate the success of community policing
should involve measuring organizational support afforded and structures put in place to
support the community policy framework. This, in contrast to focusing on the officer and
community perceptions of the role and/or the impact of community policing, would give
accurate feedback on how successful community policing has been in that locality (Skogan,
2004). Skogan though fails to account for the difficulty experienced in establishing a strong
relationship between the programs that the police service implemented and residents of the
communities. Structures in themselves without support of the community do not do much to
improve the security in that community.
2.2.5 Conclusion
In summary, this literature review finds a variety of gaps in the area of Community
policing in the field in question. While a lot of research has been conducted in the field of
community policing, little is said about role socialization. While various authors understand
the role that the interaction between the police and the community can take, methods that
may be used to enhance this role have not been identified.
Moreover, while community policing has been widely studied, its impact in the
context of the study area has been largely ignored. The researcher seeks to understand the
part that role socialization plays and how much it could play. Most researches have left out
the effectiveness of the various methods that are used in community policing regarding role
socialization. Through this study (name the study!), the researcher shall attempt to fill these
gaps.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
The study will be guided by the contingency theory. This approach was first
developed by Lawrence & Lorsch (1967) in their observation that “different environments
place different requirements on organizations”. The contingency theory is a theory that
emphasises the importance of both the society and the inhabitants of this society as well as
11
emphasizing on the need to develop relationships through which tasks are handled in the
community. The contingency model is intent on measuring the leader-member relations, the
task structure and the power relations there-in.
Community policing involves the building of partnerships with the public around
which a police service operates in order to proactively solve immediate conditions that may
give rise to public safety concerns such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.
Therefore, community policing has to integrate community relations and problem solving in
order to achieve effective and beneficial partnerships that prevent crime. For community
policing to be effective in a place like Kenya, where the police has traditionally been geared
more towards a police force than a service, organizational transformation has to be
implemented. These changes will not only affect the personnel at any given station, but also
agency management, and the organizational structures in place.
Role socialization involves the development and internalization of a specific set of
affective behaviours that will ensure success of the community policing strategies. Aside
from the development and internalization, the behaviours have to be individualized into the
professional roles involved, then incorporated into other life roles. Once internalized and
incorporated into the professional and life roles, role socialization can contribute to the work
culture of an organization, or as in this case the police service, and in this way ensure success
of the any programs being undertaken within the policing force. Therefore, role socialization
presents as one of the most important changes necessary for the success of a community
strategy.
While a community policing program which has proved to be successful in one
setting is often duplicated by other agencies, it usually fails to produce the desired results.
This is because consideration of specific characteristics of the environment and the
community plays decisive role in the success of the program, and this fact is often ignored or
overlooked by police agencies. It is in this context that we look at contingency approach as a
way to organize community policing and assure it is successful within a locality. This is
further aided by the fact that community policing takes into account various environmental
factors in determining policy. In this study, the relationship between the police and the
community is looked at. The contingency theory will provide a framework for understanding
the challenges involved in attempts at enhancing the effectiveness of policing in the society
through the establishment of partnerships with the community. The contingency theory of
12
leadership holds that there is no one size fits all approach to leadership, no best style of
emanagement. Instead, a leader’s effectiveness is based on the situation and how well they
can adapt to it. This is the result of two factors – “leadership style” and “situational
favourableness” (later called “situational control”). Based on this understanding, there is a
need to ensure that the various levels of community policing are managed differently as the
environments differ. Since community policing is applied across varied environments,
different leadership and management approaches are required to ensure situational control is
achieved, and the policing program is successful in spite of the fundamental differences in the
conditions under which it is applied.
2.4 Hypotheses of the Study
Inadequate The failure to match the management style, and specifically role socialization, to
the specific environment under which it has been implemented is responsible for the dismal
performance of community policing in Kasarani Division, Nairobi, Kenya.
2.5 Operationalization of Variables
In this research paper, the effectiveness of community policing is the dependent
variable while role socialization is the independent variable. The effectiveness of community
policing can be measured by using the rate of crime in a society.
13
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter is divided into four sections: the Study Site, Sampling Procedures, Data
Collection Techniques and Methods of Data Analysis.
3.2 Study Site
Kasarani Police Division is located ten miles North East of Nairobi Central Business
District along Nairobi-Thika super highway. Its neighbours are Githurai to the North,
Kahawa Sukari to the East, Dandora to the South, and Roysambu to the West. According to
Kenya National Housing and Population Census 2009, it has an estimated population of
61,316 people with a geographical size of 11.67 sq. km. Most of the dwellers in this area
work within the vicinity, either at homes of rich individuals in affluent estates, construction
sites, government offices, or in the industrial areas.
The status of security in Kasarani and its environs is below average. The area is
infamous for crimes such as muggings, robberies, break-ins, and other forms of low-level
crimes. Most criminals live within the areas where they commit a crime. Others live in areas
within the proximity of the Kasarani area. While the situation of crime in the area could be
improved, the lack of interaction between the police and the society has led to a situation
where security has only worsened with time rather than improve.
3.3 Sampling Procedure
The population that the study will target includes: special interest groups within
Kasarani Police Division (including community based organisations, faith-based
organisations), local residents living in the Kasarani Constituency and the various Officers
Commanding Stations (OCS) in Kasarani Police Division. These are groups of individuals
that are well versed in the situation of security in the area as well as with the relationship
between the police and the society.
Three groups will be sampled; each representing church initiated groups and selected
members of the Police Service in Kasarani. By employing heterogeneous sampling technique,
the researcher expects to study both quantitative and qualitative attributes of the study. Each
14
group will comprise of twelve individuals from the area around Kasarani. The researcher will
also obtain feedback from fifteen police personnel in the Kasarani Police Division. This
sample size will be sufficient to offer the researcher a diverse and unbiased perspective of
community policing in the area.
3.4 Data Collection Techniques
This study relies on both primary and secondary data. The primary data will derive
from interviews with key informants and Focus Group Discussions. Interviews will be
conducted with the aid of questionnaires. Key Informants’ Interviews will be used to get
information from key individuals in the Police Service and the community in Kasarani Police
division.
Focus Group Discussion will involve conducting discussions with the various groups
including faith-based and community-based organisations. The technique will be used to
obtain data from the group members. The advantage of using FGD’S is that they are quick
and relatively easy to set up, and the group dynamic can provide useful information that
individual data collection may not contain.
The researcher shall also use structured questionnaires in collection of data. This will
help to make up for the weaknesses of the qualitative data collection methods indicated
above. The advantage of structured questionnaires is that they will provide quantitative data
that will enable the researcher to obtain a comprehensive coverage of respondents at a low
cost in terms of time and money.
Secondary data will be collected from the crime statistics in the office of the Officer
Commanding Police Division (OCPD) in Kasarani. More data will be obtained from police
records that are available to the public in the form of police reports. The researcher will also
approach the various departments of the Ministry of Internal Security for data that will be
relevant to this research paper. On the larger part, it is expected that these will help to fill the
gaps that will be left out by field research.
3.5 Data Analysis
This study will make use of a descriptive survey research design. Descriptive research
also seeks to determine the degree to which underlying factors exists in a given situation and
15
under given conditions. It will thereforeapply to the study since the researcher has general
knowledge on the existence of Kasarani Police Division before collecting data. Descriptive
research design will also be selected because of its ability to look at the individuals, groups,
institutions, methods and materials hence helping to describe, compare and contrast, classify,
analyse and interpret the entities and the events that constitute the field of study.
Since the study will use both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection,
data analysis will depend on the technique used in gathering the data. Quantitative data
collected using questionnaires will be analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences.
Qualitative data gathered through FGD’s will be analysed using content analysis since it
looks directly at communication via texts or transcripts, and hence gets at the central aspect
of social interaction. Another advantage of content analysis is that it will allow for both
quantitative and qualitative operations to be carried out. Content analysis can be used when
dealing with primary data that is only available from documents. In this case, it would be
possible to obtain information from government records such as police records. Police
records will provide information regarding the prevalence of certain crimes in certain areas of
the research area.
16
REFERENCES
Allan Y. Jiao, Matching Police-Community Expectations. Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.
17
http://www.policeone.com/columnists/thompson/
http://www.statehousekenya.go.ke/speeches/kibaki/april05/2005270401.htm
http://www.umcpi.org/Portals/0/Community%20Policing%20Definition.pdf
James Forman, Community Policing and Youth as Assets. Journal of Criminal Law &
Criminology, 2004, Vol. 95 Issue 1.
Jenny Coquilhat (2008) Community Policing: An International Literature Review Evaluation
Team Organisational Assurance New Zealand Police
Kam C. Wong, (2009) “Chapter 8: Chinese Theory of Community Policing,” Chinese
Policing: History and Reform (Xavier University, Cincinnati New York)
Kelling, G.L. and Moore, M., (1988) ‘From Political to Reform to Community: The Evolving
Strategy of Police’ in Community Policing: Rhetoric or Reality J Green and S
Mastrofski, Praeger Publishers: New York, pp3-26
Kimani, M. (2009) Security for the highest bidder: Shoddy policing for the many, costly ]]]
private protection for the few.United Nations Africa Renewal. Created by Africa
Section, Strategic Communications Division, Department of Public Information,
United Nations. Accessed from at
http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol23no3/233-security.html
Long J, Wells W & Leon-Granados W D 2002, ‘Implementation issues in a community and
police partnership in law enforcement space: lessons from a case-study of a
community policing approach to domestic violence’, Police practice and research,
vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 231-46.
Paul R. Lawrence & Jay William Lorsch, (1967). Differentiation and Integration in Complex
Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly 12, 1-30.
Robert Trojanowicz& Bonnie Bucqueroux, (1990) Community Policing: A
ContemporaryPerspective. Cincinnati, Oh: Andersen Publishing Company,
Segrave, M., and Ratcliffe, J. (2004) Community Policing: A descriptive overview, Australian
Institute of Criminology
18
Sherman, L.W., and Eck, J.E (2002) ‘Policing for crime prevention’, in Sherman, L.W.,
Farrington, D.P., Welsh, B.C., and MacKenzie, D.L, Evidence-Based Crime
Prevention, Routledge: New York, pp 295-329
Skogan, W. (2006) ‘Advocate – The Promise of Community Policing’ in Police Innovations:
Contrasting Perspectives, ed. D. Weisburd and A. Braga, Cambridge University
Press: Cambridge, pp 27-43
Skolnick, J.H. and Bayley, D. (1988) Community Policing: Issues and Practices around the
World, National Institute of Justice: Office of Communication and Research
Utilization
Virta, S (2006) ‘Community Policing’ in the Sage Dictionary of Criminology, eds.
McLaughlin, E., and Muncie, J., Sage: London
Weisheit, R. A., Wells, L. E., and Falcone, D. N., (1994) ‘Community Policing in Small
Town and Rural America’, in Crime and Delinquency, v40, n4, pp 549-567
www.umcpi.org/Portals/0/Community%20Policing%20Definition.pdf
19
APPENDICES AND ANNEXES
RESPONDENTS QUESTIONNAIRES
Dear respondent, my name is Stephen Mbugua Kahiga. I am a student at the University of
Nairobi pursuing a research as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
Diploma of Political Science and Security Study. This study seeks to find out the factors
influencing the effective implementation of community policing with Kasarani Police
Division as the reference study area.
You have been randomly selected as one of the respondents to participate in this survey.
Kindly respond by filling this questionnaire. I assure you that your responses shall be
handled with utmost confidentiality and only for the purpose of this study.
Part A
i. Profile of the respondents,
Faith Based Organisation Police Officer
Community Based Organisation
Business owners association Others (Specify)……………………..
ii. Age of the respondents (please tick as appropriate in the box),
18-23 years
24-29 years
30-35 years
36-41 years
42 years and above
20
iii. Gender of the respondent,
Male Female
Part B
i. What is the frequency of crime rate in your neighbourhood?
Very Low Low High Very High
ii. What is the most frequent type of crime activities in your neighbourhood?
Muggings Fraud Drug and Substance abuse
Carjacking Terrorism Theft and Banditry
Political Crime Rape and Murder
The extent of Partnerships between the Community and the Police Service
On a scale of 1-5 (where 1-Strongly Disagree; 2- Disagree; 3- Not sure; 4- Agree;
5- Strongly Agree) what is your judgement on the following statements?
Statement 1 2 3 4 5
Members of the community are involved in
identifying, prioritising problems affecting
the community
The community is involved in devising
strategies for tackling these problems
The police conducts periodic communal
meetings (Barazas) with the community to
discuss communal security challenges
The community and police have made
21
efforts to cultivate positive interactions
between the police and the public
The community has made organisations to
address neighbourhood security
Free interaction between the police and the
community can help reduce crime and
promote security.
The community has been offering the
police with intelligence to nab criminals
in the community
Organisational framework and effective community policing
Are you aware about community policing in Kasarani Police Division?
Yes No Don’t Know
On a scale of 1-5 (where 1-Strongly Disagree; 2- Disagree; 3- Not sure; 4- Agree;
5- Strongly Agree) what is your judgement on the following statements?
Statement 1 2 3 4 5
Do you accept that Kasarani Police
Division has publicised the Community
Policing Strategy
Do you think that the police have
integrated community policing in their
operations
Do you think that the community are
supportive of community policing strategy
Do you think that top security organs in
22
Kasarani Police Division are committed to
community policing as a way of curbing
crimes.
Do you think that other police stations
within Kasarani Constituency are
implementing community policing
Do you believe that police officers are
trained to handle community policing
initiatives
Do you think that Kasarani Police Division
is fairly funded to implement community
policing
Has the police mobilised or sensitised the
community about community policing
strategy
Has the police encouraged the community
to share information on the suspected
criminal elements
Problem Solving approaches to effective community policing
On a scale of 1-5 (where 1-Strongly Disagree; 2- Disagree; 3- Not sure; 4- Agree;
5- Strongly Agree) what is your judgement on the following statements?
Statement 1 2 3 4 5
Has the police involved the community in
identifying and prioritising the security
problems in Kasarani neighbourhood
Does the community and the police sit
23
together to discuss data and information
on the cause of insecurity in Kasarani
Police division
Does the police share data and information
on crime statistics and patterns with the
community
Is the community aware of police response
to security
Does the community make suggestion on
how they would like the police to respond
to crimes
Is the community involved when police
respond to crime or arrest suspects
Does the community participate in
evaluating the effectiveness of the response
strategies to crime in the area
Does the police provide data and
information on the declining or increasing
levels of crime in Kasarani
………………..End………………….
Thank you for your participation in this survey.
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