Diagnosis

1. Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Multiple methods are used to test diabetes mellitus type 2. The first technique is glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test where the blood test portrays the client average level of blood sugar for the last 2 -3 months. In particular, this assessment help in determining the percentage of sugar attached to hemoglobin. At this point, the A1C reading of 6.5% or more on two distinctive tests indicates that someone has diabetes. When the evaluation results are 5.7% and 6.4%, the patient is considered to be at the prediabetes stage, hence, having higher chances of developing diabetes. However, the individuals without diabetes should have A1C level that is below 5.7%. On the other hand, the above disease can be diagnosed using the random sugar test where a blood sugar values are articulated in millimoles per liter (mmol/L) or milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) (Punthakee et al., 2018). In this case, the 200 mg/dL blood sugar level or higher denotes that a person has diabetes, but this test is confirmed through other factors such as extreme thirst and frequent urination.  

Nevertheless, the oral glucose and fasting blood sugar tests are helpful in diagnosing the above ailment. In the view of fasting blood sugar test, the client should provide a blood sample after overnight fast, and if the level of blood sugar is below 5.6 mmol/L or 100mg/dL, then the person is considered being normal. When the fasting level of blood sugar ranges in between 5.6 – 6.9 mmol/L or 100-125 mg/dL, the patient is prediabetes. However, if the test shows a blood sugar level of 7 mmol/L (126mg/dL) during two separate assessments, then a person is considered diabetic. During the oral glucose tolerance test, individuals usually take sugary liquid before the physicians test the levels of blood sugar in a periodical manner for two hours. At this point, the level of blood sugar below 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) denotes a person is normal; 7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L (199 and 140 mg/dL) shows prediabetes; and a reading of 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or higher indicate diabetic status (Punthakee et al., 2018). Indeed, all above test are necessary for determining the patient’s diabetic status. 

2. Hypertension

During the diagnosis of hypertension, the specialist or doctor normally put a pump-up arm around the patient’s arm and assess the blood pressure by utilizing a pressure gauge. However, the physicians categorize the level of blood pressure into four distinct groups. The first classification is for normal blood pressure that is confirmed by a reading of 120/80 mm Hg. The second group consists of elevated blood pressure, a conditioned that is characterized by the diastolic pressure that is below 80 mm Hg and a systolic pressure ranging in between 120 and 129 mm Hg. Moreover, stage 1 hypertension is noted when the systolic pressure seems to vary from 130 to 139 mm Hg whereas the diastolic pressure is in between 80 to 89 mm Hg. The last category is stage 2 hypertension, and this condition is characterized by a 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure or more as well as a systolic pressure reading 140 mm or more (Nerenberg et al., 2018). All the above test are helpful in determining the type of medication should be used on different patients.

3. Hyperlipidemia

The hyperlipidemia does not have specific symptoms; hence, it is detected when the doctor carry out the lipid profile or lipid panel blood test. In this case, the physician may request the client not to eat for 8 to 12 hours and then take a blood sample that is analyzed to determine the cholesterol levels. This assessment aims to identify various things including triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Conversely, hyperlipidemia is considered being high when the level of total cholesterol is more than 200 milligrams in every deciliter. Otherwise, safe cholesterol levels can vary in different individuals concerning personal current or past health (Shattat, 2015). Based on the above information, people diagnosed with hyperlipidemia should provide the clinician with confidential details about their health to enable the doctor to come up with accurate final results.  

4. Hypothyroidism 

The determination of hypothyroidism depends on personal health signs as well as the blood tests that help to assess the TSH level and the thyroid hormone thyroxine level. For instance, the TSH’s high level and the low measure of thyroxine shows an underactive thyroid. The above stipulation is based on the aspect that human pituitary always produces more TSH in an attempt to stimulate the thyroid gland to release extra thyroid hormone. The TSH helps the physician to identify the level of hypothyroidism, hence, making it easy to determine the suitable medication need. More importantly, TSH is useful on diagnosing subclinical hypothyroidism, a condition that is not often accompanied by outward symptoms and signs. In addition, some factors can impact the thyroid blood tests including biotin and blood-thinning treatment (Persani et al., 2018). Indeed, the doctors should have a comprehensive understanding about patient’s past and current health status to be able to make hypothyroidism test accurately.

5. Obesity

The diagnosis for obesity help in determining the body mass index (BMI), hence, making it possible to deduce whether an individual has normal weight, overweight or underweight. In this case, individuals with BMI ranging in between 25 to 29.9 are said to be overweight while those a BMI of more than 30 are confirmed being obese. In connection with the above information, the physician examining patients for obesity can review things such weight history, eating patterns, exercise schedule, weight-loss efforts, the patient’s condition, the levels of stress, and medications among other client’s health issues. Still, the doctor can assess the history of patients’ family to determine if they can be predisposed to specific conditions that increase the chances of being obese (Mendoza Pablo et al., 2015). In connection to the above information, the physical diagnosis of obesity is carried out through measuring someone’s height as well as checking vital factors such as heart rate,  temperature, and blood pressure; listening to the lungs and heart, and assessing the client’s abdomen. On the other hand, the physician can calculate the patient’s BMI, an exercise that is carried out once in every year to determine person’s overall health risk as well as easing the process of identifying appropriate medication. Furthermore, the aspect of measuring waist circumference is also helpful in finding whether there are extra fats such as abdominal fat and visceral fat that may increase the risk of being obese. In this case, women’s waist should fall below 35 inches whereas those for men should be below 40 inches (Porto et al., 2016). Besides, obesity can be identified through testing other health issues like diabetes, high blood pressure, thyroids, improper functioning of the liver.

References

Mendoza Pablo, P.A., Valdés, J. and Ortiz-Hernández, L., (2015). Accuracy of body mass index for age to diagnose obesity in Mexican schoolchildren. Nutrition Hospitalaria, 31(6), 2669-2675. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj4yZ214OTfAhVN5eAKHd-1CsgQFjAAegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fscielo.isciii.es%2Fpdf%2Fnh%2Fv31n6%2F44originalvaloracionnutricional03.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1AZ27F9YpdcciS5aFg634t

Nerenberg, K. A., Zarnke, K. B., Leung, A. A., Dasgupta, K., Butalia, S., McBrien, K., … & Lamarre-Cliche, M. (2018). Hypertension Canada’s 2018 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34(5), 506-525. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323502289_Hypertension_Canada’s_2018_Guidelines_for_Diagnosis_Risk_Assessment_Prevention_and_Treatment_of_Hypertension_in_Adults_and_Children

Persani, L., Brabant, G., Dattani, M., Bonomi, M., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Fliers, E., … & van Trotsenburg, A. P. (2018). 2018 European thyroid association (ETA) guidelines on the diagnosis and management of central hypothyroidism. European Thyroid Journal, 7(5), 225-237. Retrieved from https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/491388

Porto, L. G. G., Nogueira, R. M., Nogueira, E. C., Molina, G. E., Farioli, A., Junqueira Jr, L. F., & Kales, S. N. (2016). Agreement between BMI and body fat obesity definitions in a physically active population. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 60(6), 515-525. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/27901177

Punthakee, Z., Goldenberg, R., Katz, P., & Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. (2018). Definition, classification, and diagnosis of diabetes, prediabetes and metabolic syndrome. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 42, S10-S15. Retrieved from https://www.canadianjournalofdiabetes.com/article/S1499-2671(17)30813-4/fulltext

Shattat, G.F., (2015). A review article on hyperlipidemia: Types, treatments and new drug targets. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 7(1), 399-409. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjTn4Cl4uTfAhUO3uAKHWTYCK0QFjAAegQICRAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomedpharmajournal.org%2Fvol7no2%2Fa-review-article-on-hyperlipidemia-types-treatments-and-new-drug-targets%2F&usg=AOvVaw0l2zdb-xSUriA3Zw85hBMl