Differences among Groups

The chapter analyses the relationship and differences among individuals. It illustrates how they are proportionally independent and dependent on each other, which influences the outcomes of such relationships. For example, it shows how gender difference influences the relationship between the sample population and the party membership. Gender and biological sex differ in the fact that sex is connected to one’s physical body, while gender is very complicated since it is a complex interconnection between the traits, the feeling of being male or female, and the outward behavior related to that sense. Gender is mainly influenced by the cultures, community, religion, and peers that one interacts with daily (Hartman & Hartman, 2012). A person’s view of the world today and their interpretation of the current affairs is greatly influenced by what they have learned and taught at a tender age, hence, making gender a socially built concept.

From the data on the contingency table of party identification, the population was grouped into two strata, namely the Democrats and Republicans. The results suggest that majority of the voters were of female gender at 900 compared to 700, which represented the male gender. This implies that the elections were female-dominated. Considering the party identification through percentages, the Democrats had the largest population of 900 of which female supporters were 78% of that population and 22% represented the male gender. The Republicans had a population of 700 voters, which 71% of them represented the male gender and 29% represented the females. This implies that in party identification, the leading population that represented the Democrats was the female gender compared to the Republicans that was dominated by male gender.

There is a difference in gender and party membership from the sampling proven by the chi- square test.  Both the parties are dependent to gender. This is explained by membership of more female than male gender in Democrats party, more male gender in Republicans party and the overall population of both the parties whereby female gender has the highest population compared to male. Thus, the data is a fair representative sample of the population since it describes in detail the relationship between the dependent variables, party membership, and the independent variables, represented by gender (Hartman, & Hartman, 2012).

Gender and party membership are majorly influenced by race and ethnicity, distinct personal qualification, and age. The traditional definition of race and ethnicity is related to the biologic and sociological elements. Race relates to the physical appearance of a person, for example the skin color, the hair or jaw structure. Ethnicity on the other hand, refers to the cultural elements such as nationality, language they speak, cultural heritage traditions and beliefs. For example, the blacks who have black skin color compared to the white people with light skin (Hartman & Hartman, 2012). Ethnicity states indirectly the cultural traits and common group history but not a common language or religion while race assumes common biological traits or the genetic features. These factors may influence a person’s decision-making on where they belong (Pritchard, & Symon, 2011). In the case of party selection and membership, race and ethnicity contributes to their selection of the preferred party (Healey, 2003). From the contingency table, Democrats have more females than males and on the other hand, male gender dominates the Republicans. They both rely on one particular side more than the other due to their differences and cultural elements. 

The professional identity of a person is not only a simple identification with their beliefs of active participation in occupational activities; it is important to consider how a person’s professional identity has come to be in terms of what they perceive as individual success. It is essential to acknowledge that the conception of professional identity contributes to gender differences in many professions in terms of gender representations regarding leadership roles and promotion within the organization or any businesses. Time has been considered the factor affecting the female gender professional’s ability to balance their professional and personal responsibilities (Pritchard, & Symon, 2011).

People with disabilities and their families are faced with such barriers as non-access to services, negative attitudes, and lack of accessible environment. Their difficulties can become more intense if they are not supported or provided with timely interventions, which may further lead to increased poverty and lifetime consequences (Pritchard, & Symon, 2011). They need support to ensure that they are part of the society and can reach their development potential and take part in meaningfully in their communities and homes. It is important for the government, Non-governmental institutions and pertinent shareholders to come up with sustainable long-term strategies that improve the development results, protection and participation of people with disabilities (Hartman, & Hartman, 2012).

The process of being fair to both female and male gender is referred to as gender equity. Sustainable strategies must be in place to ensure fairness to pay for the women’s social disadvantages that prevent both genders from operating on an unleveled playing field. Equity leads to equivalence. Where gender inequality exists, women are the victims that surfer most since they are excluded and disadvantaged in activities of decision-making and participation in socioeconomic resources. Gender equality requires that both men and women have equal enjoyment of opportunities, resources, socially valued goods, and rewards. Therefore, in promoting gender equality, women empowerment serves as a vital factor to be considered with a focus of addressing power imbalances and giving women more liberty to handle their own lives (Hartman, & Hartman, 2012). Gender equality should not be interpreted as men and women becoming the same; to attain gender equality needs women empowerment to assure that access to resources and decision making processes are not designated only to men’s favor so that they can all participate as equal partners in reproductive life. 

References

Hartman, M., & Hartman, H. (2012). Gender equality and American Jews. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Healey, J. F. (2003). Race, ethnicity, gender, and class: The sociology of group conflict and change. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Pine Forge Press.

Pritchard, K., & Symon, G. (January 01, 2011). Identity on the line: constructing professional identity in a HR call centre. Work, Employment and Society, 25, 3, 434-450.