Explain clearly and briefly, in your own words, what Ghazali means by “certain knowledge”. Which of your own beliefs do you think match this definition of “certain knowledge”? (Hint: you might want to consider your beliefs about the physical objects around you, your beliefs about what you read in the newspapers, your beliefs about other people’s intentions, your beliefs about history, your beliefs about science, and so on.)
According to Ghazali, certain knowledge should present the thing that is known in such a manner that no one will doubt it. It should be so real that even when arguments are made against it, there is no proof of error or deception. If an argument arises about something, that cannot be determined as certain knowledge. Certain knowledge can only be established when no argument […]