IHP 525 SNHU Gender Impact Age of Myocardial Infarction Patients Paper

IHP 525 Final Project Data Analysis Guidelines and RubricOverview
Now that you have submitted your article review, you will submit Your Final Project Data Analysis. The Final Project Article Review was an opportunity to
demonstrate your ability to interpret statistics included in an article. The Final Project Data Analysis is a chance to show that you know how to choose the
correct statistics to analyze a set of data and calculate these using software.
Regardless of their field of interest, health professionals across disciplines need to be able to run basic biostatistical calculations to describe a set of data.
The Final Project Data Analysis reinforces these critical skills by asking you to conduct your own analysis of a small data set, explain the basic parameters of the
data, graph it, and run simple tests. You will present this data analysis in a brief statistical report, using language appropriate to a non-technical audience.
The Final Project Data Analysis consists of four milestones, submitted in Modules Two, Three, Five, and Seven. The final submission occurs in Module Nine.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:



Perform basic, context-appropriate statistical calculations and hypothesis testing in accurately analyzing biostatistical data
Interpret key biostatistical metrics, methods, and data for addressing population-based health problems
Communicate biostatistical results, procedures, and analysis to other health professionals and the general public for informing their decisions related to
population-based health problems
Prompt
Biostatisticians are constantly called upon to analyze data in order to help researchers and health officials answer critical questions about populations’ health.
For this assessment, you will imagine you are a biostatistical consultant on a small study for a local health organization. In the Assignments Guidelines and
Rubrics area of the course, you will use the Data Analysis Data Set and Data Analysis Data Description, along with some background information on how and
when the data was collected and the general research question the organization is interested in answering. This is often the way you will receive data in the real
world.
Your task is to help the organization answer their question by critically analyzing the data. You will compute your chosen statistics, interpret the results, and
present the results and recommendations to non-technical decision makers in the form of a data analysis. Keep in mind that it is your job to do this from a
statistical standpoint. Be sure to justify your conclusions and recommendations with appropriate statistical support.
Specifically, you must address the critical elements listed below. Most of the critical elements align with a particular course outcome (shown in brackets).
I.
Introduction
A. State the overall health question you have been asked to address in your own words. Be sure you capture the key elements of the question,
using language that a non-technical audience can understand.
B. Assess the collected data. Use this section to layout the source, parameters, and any limitations of your data. Specifically, you should:
1. Describe the key features of your data set. Be sure to assess how these features affect your analysis.
2. Analyze the limitations of the data set you were provided and how those limitations might affect your findings. Justify your response.
C. Process: Propose how you will go about answering the health question you were asked to address based on the data set provided.
II. Data Analysis
A. Graphs: In this section, you will use graphical displays to examine the data.
1. Create at least one graph that gives a sense of the potential relationship between the two variables that form your chosen health
question. Include the graph and discuss why you selected it as opposed to others.
B. Conduct an appropriate statistical test to answer your health question.
C. Explain why this test is the best choice in this context.
D. Analysis of Biostatistics: Use this section to describe your findings from a statistical standpoint. Be sure to:
1. Present key biostatistics from the graph(s) and statistical tests and explain what they mean. Be sure to include a spreadsheet showing
your work or a copy of your StatCrunch output as an appendix.
2. What statistical inferences or conclusions can you draw based on the results of your statistical test and graph? Justify your response.
III. Conclusions and Recommendations
A. How do the findings help answer your overall health question? Remember to use brief, non-technical language to ensure audience
understanding.
B. Recommend areas for further research based on your findings. Remember to use brief, non-technical language to ensure audience
understanding.
Milestones
Milestone One: Select Health Question
In Module Two, you will identify the health question you will be researching for instructor feedback and approval. Milestone One should be several sentences in
length. This milestone is graded with the Milestone One Rubric.
Milestone Two: Describe the Data
In Module Three, you will describe the key features of the data set, including limitations that might exist. Milestone Two should be one or two paragraphs in
length. This milestone is graded with the Milestone Two Rubric.
Milestone Three: Process and Calculations
In Module Five, you will create a table in which you propose the calculations (descriptive statistics and statistical test) and graph(s) you will need to perform to
answer the health question you are investigating. Then you will complete the table. For Milestone Three, you will submit this completed table. This milestone is
graded with the Milestone Three Rubric.
Milestone Four: Data Analysis
In Module Seven, you will submit the data analysis section of Final Project Data Analysis. This section includes the graph(s) and statistics you conducted on the
data set to answer the health question. This milestone is graded with the Milestone Four Rubric.
Final Project Data Analysis
In Module Nine, complete the conclusions section and the rest of the completed data analysis (including graph(s), statistical output for chosen test, or Excel
spreadsheet with calculations). You have been working on this analysis in Milestones One through Four. Before submitting, revise each section of the analysis
based on the feedback you received from your instructor and peers. It should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical elements of the final
product. It should reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This submission will be graded using the Final Project Data Analysis
Rubric.
Deliverables
Milestone
Deliverable
One
Select Health Question
Two
Describe the Data
Module Due
Grading
Two
Graded separately; Milestone One Rubric
Three
Graded separately; Milestone Two Rubric
Five
Graded separately; Milestone Three Rubric
Three
Process and Calculations
Four
Data Analysis
Seven
Graded separately; Milestone Four Rubric
Final Submission: Final Project Data Analysis
Nine
Graded separately; Final Project Data Analysis Rubric
Final Project Data Analysis Rubric
Guidelines for Submission: Your data analysis should be approximately 3–5 pages long (including graphs or spreadsheet with calculations), double-spaced, 12point Times New Roman font, with one-inch margins and citations in APA format. Be sure to use language and a style appropriate for a non-technical audience.
Critical Elements
Introduction: Health
Question
[IHP-525-05]
Exemplary
Proficient
States overall health question
in own words, capturing key
elements of question while
using language appropriate for
a non-technical audience
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
demonstrates a sophisticated
awareness of the features’
influence
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
justification provides keen
insight into how data quality
affects findings
Describes key features of data
set and assesses how features
affect analysis
Introduction: Process
[IHP-525-02]
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
process proposed is wellaligned with health question,
taking most direct path to
answer
Proposes process of answering
health question based on the
data set provided
Data Analysis:
Graphs: Graph
[IHP-525-02]
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
graph incorporates appropriate
scaling and is exceptionally
well-tailored to the intended
audience
Creates a graph that gives a
sense of the potential
relationship between two
variables that form the chosen
health question and discusses
why this graph was selected
over others
Introduction: Data:
Key Features
[IHP- 525-03]
Introduction: Data:
Limitations
[IHP-525-05]
N/A
Analyzes limitations of data set
provided and how those affect
findings, justifying response
Needs Improvement
States overall health question in
own words, but response
contains inaccuracies, omits key
details, or does not use language
appropriate for a non-technical
audience
Describes key features of data set
and assesses how features affect
analysis, but response contains
inaccuracies or omits key details
Analyzes limitations of data set
and how those affect findings,
but does not justify response,
response contains inaccuracies,
or justification is illogical
Proposes process of answering
health question based on data
set, but response contains
inaccuracies, omits key
procedures, or procedures
suggested are inappropriate
Creates a graph that gives a sense
of the potential relationship
between two variables that form
the health question and discusses
why this graph was selected over
others, but graph is
inappropriate, reasons are
illogical, or response contains
inaccuracies
Not Evident
Does not state overall health
question in own words
Value
8
Does not describe key features of
data set and assess how features
affect analysis
9
Does not analyze limitations of
data set and how those affect
findings
8
Does not propose process of
answering health question based
on data set
9
Does not create a graph that
gives a sense of the potential
relationship between two
variables
9
Critical Elements
Data Analysis: Test
[IHP-525-02]
Exemplary
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
demonstrates an astute ability
to accurately and effectively
conduct the test
Proficient
Conducts appropriate
statistical test accurately to
answer chosen health question
Data Analysis: Best
Choice
[IHP-525-02]
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
makes cogent connections
between the test and graph or
data
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
explanation effectively
communicates meaning of the
calculations in audienceappropriate language
Explains why test is the best
choice in this context
Data Analysis:
Analysis: Biostatistics
[IHP-525-03]
Presents graph and statistical
test results, including
spreadsheet showing work or
computer output, and
accurately explains what
chosen calculations mean
Draws appropriate statistical
inferences based on statistical
hypothesis test results and
graph and justifies response
Data Analysis:
Analysis: Statistical
Inferences
[IHP-525-03]
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
thoroughly explains how these
statistics define the population
Conclusions: Findings
[IHP-525-05]
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
demonstrates a complex grasp
of elements necessary to
answer the overall health
question
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
recommendations including
what additional information
would help better answer
question
Assesses how findings help
answer overall health question,
using brief non-technical
language
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and
organization and is presented
in a professional and easy to
read format
Submission has no major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
Conclusions:
Recommendations
[IHP-525-05]
Articulation of
Response
Recommends areas for further
research based on findings,
using brief, non-technical
language
Needs Improvement
Conducts statistical test to
answer chosen health question,
but response contains
inaccuracies or test is not
conducted appropriately
Explains why test is the best
choice in this context, but
explanation is cursory or contains
inaccuracies
Presents graph and statistical test
results, including spreadsheet
showing work or computer
output, and explains what they
mean, but response contains
inaccuracies or omits key details
Draws appropriate statistical
inferences based on test results
and graph, but does not justify
response, justification is illogical,
or response contains inaccuracies
Assesses how findings help
answer overall question, but does
not use brief, non-technical
language, or response contains
inaccuracies
Recommends areas for further
research based on findings,
including additional information
to better answer question, but
does not use brief, non-technical
language, recommendations are
illogical, or response contains
inaccuracies
Submission has major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that negatively impact readability
and articulation of main ideas
Not Evident
Does not conduct appropriate
statistical test to answer chosen
health question
Value
9
Does not explain why test is the
best choice in this context
9
Does not present graph and
statistical test results, including
spreadsheet showing work or
computer output and does not
explain what these calculations
mean
Does not draw appropriate
statistical inferences or
conclusions based on test results
and graph
9
Does not assess how findings
help answer overall health
question
8
Does not recommend areas for
further research based on
findings, including additional
information that would help
better answer question
8
Submission has critical errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of
ideas
5
9
Critical Elements
Exemplary
Proficient
Needs Improvement
Not Evident
Total
Value
100%
IHP 525 Milestone Four
Student Name
IHP 525 Milestone Four
To identify the relationship between the variables age of the myocardial infection patient and the gender
of the patients, the descriptive statistics based on gender class is as shown:
Summary statistics for age:
Group by: gender
gender n
Mean
Variance Std. Dev. Std. Err. Median Range Min Max Q1 Q3
0
65 65.353846 194.45096 13.944567 1.7296107
65
53
39
92
56 76
1
35 73.628571 194.29916 13.939123 2.3561419
79
59
32
91
66 84
Graphical Analysis
When one of the variables is qualitative, and the other is quantitative, the best choice of the graph is
Histogram and Box-and-whiskers plot. Histogram can help understand the distribution of a quantitative variable
(in this case, age) for each of the groups of the qualitative variable (in this case, gender). Likewise, Box and
whiskers plot helps understand the distribution of quantitative variables for each class of the qualitative
variable. The box plot and Histogram of the distribution of ages for each gender class are as shown:
Figure 1 Box and Whiskers Plot of Age for each gender
Figure 2 Histogram of Age for each gender group
Hypothesis Testing
To examine the severity of myocardial infection between male and female patients, it is critical to
identify whether the age of MI patients significantly differs between males and females or not. The defined
hypothesis for the test is:
Null hypothesis: age does not determine the severity of myocardial infarction.
Alternative hypothesis: age determines the severity of myocardial infarction.
Mathematically,
𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
𝐻1 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
Where,
𝜇1 represents the population mean of Male MI patients’ age.
𝜇2 represents the population mean of Female MI patients’ age.
Two sample T-test
The independent sample t-test or 2 sample t-test is the best choice to compare the means of two groups
or distribution. The reason for selecting a two-sample t-test is that the dependent variable is quantitative (or age
in this case), the independent variable is the group (or gender in this case), and there is no repeated
measurement. The test result is as shown:
Two sample T hypothesis test:
μ1: Mean of Male
μ2: Mean of Female
μ1 – μ2: Difference between two means
H0 : μ1 – μ2 = 0
HA : μ1 – μ2 ≠ 0 (without pooled variances)
Hypothesis test results:
Difference Sample Diff. Std. Err.
μ1 – μ2
DF
T-Stat
-8.2747253 2.9228339 69.756002 -2.8310625
P-value
0.006
Explanation of Findings
The descriptive statistics show 65 males and 35 females in the MI patient’s collected sample. The
average age of Male MI patients is 65.35 years. At the same time, the average age of Female MI patients is
73.63 years. The standard deviation in the age of the Male MI patient and the female MI patients is 13.94 years.
Thus, on average, the age of MI patients is relatively higher for females than males. The median age of the Male
MI patient is 65 years, and the female MI patient is 79. It is also observed that the median age of Female MI
patients is higher than the mean, which points out that the distribution of Female MI patients’ age is left-skewed
(or negatively skewed, having a longer tail towards the left side). Also, the distribution of male MI patients’ age
is approximately normal. The minimum and maximum age of Male MI patients is 39 and 92 years, respectively,
and the female MI patient minimum age is 32, and the maximum age is 91 years.
The graphs, i.e., histogram and box and whiskers plot, explain that the distribution of Male MI patients’
age is approximately normal, and the distribution of Female MI patients’ age is left-skewed. Additionally, the
box and whiskers plot points out the presence of an outlier in the Female MI patients’ age distribution having
the patient’s age of 32 years.
The two-sample t-test results show that the difference in average ages of the male and female is 8.274
years. The average age of Female MI patients is higher than male MI patients. The degrees of freedom for the
two-sample t-test without pooled variance is 69.75, the t-test statistics is -2.83, and the p-value of the test
statistics is 0.0061.
Statistical Inference from the Analysis
Initial analysis through the descriptive statistics and the plots of the distribution of Myocardial Infarction
Patients for Gender class show that the average age of Male patients is lower than female patients. The twosample test result shows that the p-value (=0.0061) is less than 0.01 level of significance. Thus, the test rejects
the null hypothesis, and it concludes that there is a significant difference between the age of Male and Female
Myocardial Infarction patients. Thus, the severity of myocardial infarction is reflected earlier in male patients
than in female patients. However, correlation is not always causation; thus, there is a need to investigate the
causes of such a relationship between gender and age.
Appendix 1: Complete Table of Milestone 3
Question:
What is your health (research) question?
Answer:
Does age determine the severity of myocardial infection
between male and female patients?
Null hypothesis: age does not determine the severity of
What are the corresponding null and
alternative hypotheses?
myocardial infarction.
Alternative hypothesis: age determines the severity of
myocardial infarction.
List the descriptive statistics you will
compute, using which variable(s) to help
Mean, median, and standard deviation.
answer your health question.
What is the name of the statistical test you
will use to test your hypothesis and answer
2 sample t-test
your health question?
What is the formula for your chosen statistical
test?
Why is the statistical test you chose
appropriate to answer your health question?
Be clear on how the two variables you
described in Milestone Two are used to
complete this test.
The 2 sample t-test is applicable when testing the difference
between two population means. In this case, it is the most
appropriate for comparing sample one data (male patients)
and sample two data (female patients).
Which graph(s) (Histogram, stem and leaf,
boxplot, bar graph, scatterplot) will you use to
visualize the answer to your health question?
Be specific and include which variables will
be used and if the graph will be created for
different subgroups of subjects.
Bar graphs and histograms will be appropriate for this data
because they give a visual representation of the differences
and similarities of the variables.
Appendix 2: Screenshot of Work done in Statcrunch:
Descriptive Statistics & Histogram
Hypothesis Test By Split of Columns Based on Gender
IHP 525 Milestone Three Table
For this milestone, in order to explore your health question you are investigating, you need to plan what descriptive
statistics and statistical test you will need to run, as well as what graph you will need to create.
Step 1: Complete the table below in which you will propose the calculations and graph(s) you will need to perform to
answer the health question you are investigating.
Question:
What is your health (research) question?
What are the corresponding null and alternative
hypotheses?
Answer:
Does age determine the severity of myocardial infection between
male and female patients?
Null hypothesis: age does not determine the serevity of myocardial
infarction.
Alternative hypothesis: age determine severity of myocardial
infarction.
List the descriptive statistics you will compute,
using which variable(s), to help answer your
health question.
What is the name of the statistical test you will
use to test your hypothesis and answer your health
question?
What is the formula for your chosen statistical
test?
Mean, median and standard deviation.
Why is the statistical test you chose appropriate to
answer your health question? Be sure to be clear
on how the two variables you described in
Milestone Two are used to complete this test.
Which graph(s) (histogram, stem and leaf,
boxplot, bar graph, scatterplot) will you use to
visualize the answer to your health question? Be
specific and include which variables will be used
and if the graph will be created for different
subgroups of subjects.
The 2 sample t-test is useful when testing the difference between
two population means. In this case, it is the most appropriate for
making a comparison between sample one data (males patients)
and sample two data (female patients).
Bar graphs and histogram will be appropriate for this data because
they give visual representation of the differences and similiarities
of the variabls.
2 sample t-test
Step 2: Provide a one- to two-paragraph explanation below as to why you chose the calculations outlined in the table
above to explore your health question. Describe what statistics you will compute in order to answer your chosen health
(research) question. Be sure to discuss any graphs that you will compute and what information they will provide to help
you answer your health question.
Age difference may or may not be a determinant of the severity of myocardial infarction (MI). the use of null and
alternative hypothesis can help derive the answer to the question. A true null hypothesis who indicate that age is a
determinant of the sereverity of Myocardial infarction. The alternative hypothesis refutes the claim that age determine the
severity of MI. the use of mean, standard deviation and median will show the association between age variation and
severity of MI.
(
9:127
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Third Feedback on 3/7/22:
Morning Bianco,
MUCH, MUCH, MUCH better job on your milestone from week
7! I think you’re on the right track now!
The 7-2 milestone deliverables:
1. Use the table from Milestone #3 listing the statistics you
planned to complete to investigate your health question. In
Milestone #4, you are responsible for completing these
calculations.
2. Be sure to show all the work in your calculations so that I
can assist you in redirecting if need be.
3. Be sure to complete this assignment using the Milestone
Four Guidelines and Rubric PDF document.
a. Graphs: In this section, you will use graphical displays
to examine the data.
i. Create at least one graph that gives a sense of the
potential relationship between the two variables
that form your chosen health question. Include the
graph and discuss why you selected it as opposed
to others.
b. Conduct an appropriate statistical test to answer your
health question.
c. Explain why this test is the best choice in this context.
d. Analysis of Biostatistics: Use this section to describe
your findings from a statistical standpoint. Be sure to:
i. Present key biostatistics from the graph(s) and
statistical test and explain what they mean. Be
sure to include a spreadsheet showing your work
or a copy of your StatCrunch output as an
appendix.
ii. What statistical inferences or conclusions can you
draw based on the results of your statistical test,
descriptive statistics and graph? Justify your
response.
You did an good job meeting the expectations for the week-7
deliverable mentioned above. Really nice job on your graphs,
calculations, and interpretations Bianco. I think you need to adjust
your hypotheses though under you hypotheses testing section to
reflect the variables your studying in your milestone and data
analysis project (age and gender). I’d recommend going with
“Gender does not impact age of MI'” for your null hypothesis and
“Gender does impact age of MI” for your alternative hypothesis.
I’d also recommend removing the last sentence in your milestone
as you not looking at correlations anymore. I appreciate your time
and effort.
You were able to “Meet” or “Exceed” expectations on all the
critical elements! Please see the attached rubric for a breakdown
of your grade and my feedback. Please note that I had to deduct
4.5 points (10%) for tardiness. Overall, much better job though
Bianco. Keep up the good work!
Please let me know if you have any questions.
Respectfully,
Dr. Knight
Rubric Name: IHP 525 Milestone Four Rubric
Done
Milestone Four Rubri
9:13 1
(CO
learn.snhu.edu
The 5-3 milestone deliverables:
a. State the following:
a. Create a table in which you propose the calculations and
graphs you will need to perform to answer the health
question you are investigating. Then explain why
you chose these calculations to explore your health
question.
You did an excellent job meeting the expectations for the week-
5 deliverable mentioned above. You did a nice job completing
your table, your tests/graphs were appropriate for your
question, and your explanation was thorough. I’d recommend
you change your question to “Does age affect the survival
(follow-up status) of MI patients?” in row 1 in your table as
“severity” isn’t one of the variables and might be misconstrued.
Thus, I’d change your hypotheses to reflect that as well (Ho:
age does not impact survivability and Ha: age does impact
survivability).
Overall, good work though. I appreciate your time and effort.
You were able to “Meet” or “Exceed” expectations on all the
critical elements! Please see the attached rubric for a
breakdown of your grade and my feedback. Please note that I
had to deduct 4.5 points (10%) for tardiness.
Please let me know if you have any questions.
Respectfully,
Dr. Knight
Rubric Name: IHP 525 Milestone Three Rubric
IHP 525 Milestone Three Rubric
A
100 / 100
Score
40.5 / 45 – A-
Feedback Date
Feb 18, 2022 11:42 PM
Assignment
5-3 Final Project Data Analysis Milestone Three: Process and
Calculations B.