IIT Kharagpur Organic Chemistry Lab Report

Hi, i need help with lab1.

Please write in accordance with the requirements of lab report format carefully. Thank you, I wrote very specific requirements, so be sure to strictly follow the above requirements.

All the materials are attached. Thank you.

IR spectrum
Liquid unknown
Solid unknown
!
Pavia, D.L., G.M. Lampman, G.S. Kriz,and R.G. Engel Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Small Scale Approach, 2nd Edition, 2004, Belmont, Calif.: Thompson Brooks/Cole, p. 485-533, 878-892.
WELCOME TO ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY I
CHEM 3418
INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB
SYLLABUS
• This is your Organic Chemistry I Lab
• You must be enrolled in lecture or have previously completed lecture with
a C- or higher
• If you are not please contact Dr. Fishback
• Required Materials
• CU Denver Bound Laboratory Notebook with Carbon Copy Pages
• Scientific calculator
• Full Coverage goggles– they must enclose the eyes
• Glasses type goggles are not acceptable
• These are required… They will not be provided
SYLLABUS
• Recommended Materials
• Model Kits
• Laboratory Coat or Apron
• Wear clothes you would not be upset about if you get acid holes or
stains.
• Late work
• < 24 hours: 25% of total assignment points deducted • 24-48 hours 50% of total assignment points deducted • > 48 hours results in a zero
SYLLABUS
• Communication:
• We will send announcements out to the entire class via
Canvas. Make sure your Canvas settings are set so that you get
email notifications about any new announcements or Canvas
changes
• Please contact us ONLY through our official University email
address.
• Any communication from any of us to your section will come
via university email.
• We will get back to you within 24 hours.
• Do not get into the habit of emailing the night before an
assignment is due! We may or may not be able to answer you.
CANVAS QUIZZES
• Pre-Lab quizzes will be given prior to 100% wet lab
days that will test your knowledge and preparation for
the upcoming lab:
• All quizzes will be taken on Canvas PRIOR to the start of lab.
• You have unlimited attempts.
• They are open note. Use any and all resources available to
you!
• Quizzes will CLOSE 30 min before the lab period starts.
• You need a 100% score to come to lab.
• The questions will focus on safety concerns, general
knowledge of the experimental setup, and the pre-lab
readings on the module page including material in the links.
CANVAS ASSIGNMENTS
• Lab Reports will be submitted directly on Canvas BEFORE the
start of lab.
• Quizzes will be due 30 minutes BEFORE start of lab.
• Worksheets are due at the end of the lab.
• If you have any questions about grading, please email or see
your TA during office hours, NOT during lab.
• We cannot discuss grading specifics over e-mail; e-mail is
for concerns on comments etc. See office hours otherwise.
COURSE GOALS
• To teach/reinforce the fundamental techniques used in an
organic lab and their underlying concepts.
• This will be accomplished through preparing for and
performing the experiments
• To teach/reinforce the fundamentals of constructing a sound
scientific report.
• This will be accomplished by you PRACTICING your writing!
• This includes writing with proper English.
• Grammar, spelling, and voice are all important (and graded)!
• This is highly important because good communication skills are
one of the MOST SOUGHT AFTER skills by employers!
COURSE GOALS
• To teach/reinforce proper laboratory notebook
keeping technique.
• This is accomplished through practice!
• The course will draw heavily upon knowledge of
lecture topics, so if you aren’t taking the lecture
at the same time it would be wise to review
relevant topics before lab.
• If you’re having trouble with any concepts:
• Email me or any other TA with questions you have.
• Go to TA office hours.
LAB EXPECTATIONS
• This is an upper division lab course and is likely to be
more challenging than other labs you have taken.
• The workload is high, so set aside the time necessary
to complete the assignments WELL (not just barely).
• If possible, try to work on your lab assignments right after
completing the lab. It’s fresher in your brain.
• Do not wait until the last minute! This makes it difficult to get
help when you need it.
• WE ARE HERE TO HELP! Contact any TA via email, office
hours, or by appointment.
Organic Chemistry Laboratory Safety
Proper Laboratory Attire:
• Safety goggles, masks and proper attire must be worn at all times in
the laboratory. Tops should cover your arms, preferably to the wrist.
Pants or skirts should cover your ankle; shoes should cover your entire
foot. You need to wear socks. No tank tops, shorts, leggings or spandex,
open-toed shoes or bare waistlines will be allowed.
• Lab coats are recommended, gloves are required
Proper Chemical Waste Disposal:
• DO NOT PUT ANYTHING DOWN THE SINK
• KEEP CAPPED
• KEEP WASTE HOOD SASH DOWN
• Aqueous Waste
• Organic Waste
• Acetone Wash Waste
• Solid Waste
• Broken Glass Waste
Chemical Spills:
• Chemical Waste Bags – if you spill something, always let me know
right away so I can clean it up properly! Do not do it yourself.
LABORATORY SAFETY
Emergency Procedures:
• Shower/Eye Wash
• Fire Extinguisher
• Exits
• TA Notification
Miscellaneous:
• Do not bring any food/drink into the lab. Do not leave
drink/food containers outside the lab. Keep in your
backpack.
• Do not apply any makeup/chapstick while in the lab
• Remove gloves and thoroughly wash hands before leaving
the lab
• Do not leave the door open
• Fume hoods are ineffective with the sash completely raised
Safety and Ethics Agreements:
Look at them now – Students need to complete the forms and
do the training by next week.
PROCEDURE FOR USING
CHEMICALS
ALWAYS POUR CHEMICALS INTO A CLEAN BEAKER
DO NOT POUR ANYTHING BACK INTO THE STOCK BOTTLE!
(WHICH WILL BE IN YOUR HOOD)
DO NOT PLACE PIPETTES INTO STOCK BOTTLES
DON’T POUR OUT TOO MUCH. LEFTOVERS GO IN THE LIQUID
WASTE CONTAINER
DO NOT PUT ANYTHING DOWN THE SINK
FAILURE TO FOLLOW THESE POLICIES WILL AFFECT YOUR
GRADE. THESE CHEMICALS ARE NOT CHEAP.
LAB MAP: WHERE IS THE ______?
• COMMON USE ITEMS
• ACIDS AND BASES CABINETS
• BROKEN GLASS CONTAINER AND BROOM/DUSTPAN
• WASTE HOOD
• ROTOVAPS
• REAGENTS
• SAFETY SHOWER, EYEWASH STATION, FIRST AID KIT
MODULE I: UNKNOWN DETERMINATION
LAB1: PHYSICAL PRESENTATION
SOLUBILITY ANALYSIS OF TWO UNKNOWNS
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF UNKNOWN
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
 Multi-period lab module
▪ Devoted to determining the molecular identity of unknown compounds within
a known subset of functional groups, we will explore:
▪ Solubility and physical properties
▪ Melting points/Boiling points
▪ Functional group testing
▪ Derivative formation
▪ Spectroscopy
 You will be responsible for two unknowns, one liquid and one solid
THE END GOAL
 Over the course of the module each person will determine:
▪ Whether you have an aldehyde and a ketone, two aldehydes or two ketones.
▪ Verify that choice by spectroscopy.
▪ Determine the exact identity based on comparison of the unknown’s data to
literature data.
▪ There will be a formal report assigned at the end of this module.
▪ There will also be an in-class quiz at the end of the module.
▪ No sharing of tables, graphs charts or text.
FIRST, WHAT IS A FUNCTIONAL GROUP?
 Organic molecules are composed primarily of elements C and H
▪ These provide the structural “backbone” of the compounds we work with.
 Functional groups are the “business end” of the molecule, where
reactions and transformations tend to occur.
 Anything other than a C-C or C-H single bond can be considered a
functional group.
ALDEHYDES AND KETONES
ALDEHYDES
KETONES
▪ The specific functional groups we are looking at contain a C-O double bond.
▪ Both Aldehydes and Ketones contain a carbonyl
▪ Carbon to oxygen double bond
▪ The difference is in the R group
▪ For now you can think of the R group as the “Rest of the molecule”
▪ For ketones, the R groups can be the same or be different. The assumption is
that the C of the carbonyl is attached to two other carbons.
▪ The aldehyde has one C-C bond and one C-H bond to the carbonyl.
This Lab
 1. Take note of the physical properties of your unknowns, including state
of matter, smell, viscosity/homogeneity, and color.
 2. Test the solubility of each unknown in a variety of aqueous solvents.
 All of these things will be reported in the lab report.
PRESENTATION
SOLUBILITY
 The ability for a solute to dissolve in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution
 What does it mean for a solute to “dissolve?”
▪ Dissolution occurs when the molecules of the solvent surround the individual molecules or ions of the
solute
Solute
Solvent
Solution
 The extent to which a solvent dissolves a solute is determined by a number of factors:
▪
▪
▪
▪
Temperature
Pressure
pH
Intermolecular Attractive Forces (IMAFs)
INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE FORCES
 IMAFs are attractive forces that exist between molecules
 They are generally weaker than covalent bonds found within molecules
 Strong IMAFs between solute and solvent molecules will increase the solubility of the solute
 Solutes that have similar types of IMAF as the solvent are commonly soluble in that solvent.
 What IMAF types exist in an aldehyde or ketone?
 IMAF Types:
▪ Ion-Dipole Forces (ions interacting with polar molecules. Do we have any ion present?)
▪ Hydrogen Bonding (Can aldehydes or ketones hydrogen bond? What about water?)
▪ Dipole-Dipole Forces (Methylene Chloride, CH2Cl2)
▪ Ion – induced dipole
▪ Dipole – induced dipole
▪ Dispersion Forces (also called London Forces or Van der Waals forces)
INTERMOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE FORCES
 What IMAF types exist in an aldehyde or ketone?
 IMAF Types:
▪ Ion-Dipole Forces
▪ Hydrogen Bonding
▪ Dipole-Dipole Forces
▪ Ion – induced dipole
▪ Dipole – induced dipole
▪ Dispersion Forces (also called London Forces or Van der Waals forces)
ACIDITY AND BASICITY AND SOLUBILITY
 Some molecules have a very acidic proton (H without electron) that can be removed
by an aqueous basic solution forming an ion. The ion is the soluble in water as they
have similar IMAF types. The parent molecule is not soluble in pH neutral water. An
example is a carboxylic acid.
 Some molecules are basic themselves and can add a proton to a lone pair forming
an ion. These ions are soluble in the aqueous acidic solution as they have similar
IMAF. The parent molecule is not soluble in pH neutral water. An example is amines.
 In both these cases if the R group is very small the dispersion forces are so few that
the dipole dipole forces predominate and the molecules are water soluble.
 Neutral molecules do not have acidic protons that can be easily removed (for
example ones that are bonded to heteroatoms) nor do they have lone pairs that can
accept a proton easily.
FLOWCHART
Figure 1. Solubility Chart for Unknown X.
SOME TIPS FOR SOLUBILITY TESTING
 When testing your liquid unknown it can often be difficult to determine whether the
solute and solvent are miscible or not
▪ Look for “mixing lines” (which look a little like heat waves) that eventually dissipate with
agitation of the tube. These generally indicate that the unknown is soluble.
▪ If the unknown is insoluble it will generally form a separate layer, due to density
differences, that is visibly distinct from the solvent.
 Watch carefully to see what happens when the drop enters the solvent.
 Make your determination on one sample before you proceed to the next sample. Add one
drop, f you cannot decide at this point add another drop of solute and observe carefully.
 If the solubility is questionable after several drops, assume insolubility.
Put in the same amount of solvent into individual containers
Solubility of solids. Observe right away, stir and observe
Solubility of liquids.
Look for obvious mixing lines
Solubility of liquids. Look for droplets on the surface or droplets moving and
the settling to the bottom. Sometimes the lack of mixing lines is hard to see.
!
Pavia, D.L., G.M. Lampman, G.S. Kriz,and R.G. Engel Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques: A Small Scale Approach, 2nd Edition, 2004, Belmont, Calif.: Thompson Brooks/Cole, p. 485-533, 878-892.
Solubility Chart.