Introduction

Identify and define a problem within the US

POST

IntroductionBackground and SignificanceAccording to the United States Census Bureau (2017), Hispanics constitute 17.6 percent of the U.S. total population with a total of 56.6 million as of 2016. Hispanics are the largest minority group of the country, and are projected to have a growth rate of 2 percent for the next five years, yet they are significantly underrepresented in cancer clinical research. This underrepresentation is concerning given that Hispanics among other minority groups are affected by several health disparities including cancer (Pesquera, Yoder, Lynk, 2010). In fact, cancer is the leading cause of death among Hispanics living in the United States (CDC, 2017). According to the National Cancer Institute (2017), cancer health disparities occur among certain minority groups including Hispanics, which leads to a disproportionate incidence, mortality, cancer screening, and survival rate in certain types of cancers, such as prostate, colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer. Variations in cancer incidence between Hispanics and other groups are caused by differences in genetics, exposure to cancer causing infectious agents, rates of screening, and lifestyle patterns (National Institute of Health, 2017).As the Hispanic population continues to grow, it is imperative to close the gaps that exist in today’s healthcare delivery system. Racial and ethnic minority populations are significantly underrepresented in cancer clinical research (Simon, De La Riva, Bergan, Norbeck, McKoy, Kulesza, Dong, Schnik, & Fleisher, 2014). Limited diversity in clinical research participation will yield results that do not fully portray the impact of cancer in minority populations (Tham, Hohl, Copeland, Briant, Marquez-Magana, & Thompson, 2016).Equitable clinical participation will ensure that clinical research findings will be more applicable to the U.S. population and will expand our scientific knowledge on why certain populations are more likely to develop cancer or why different populations react differently to certain cancer treatments (Rearden, Hanlon, Ulrich, Brooks-Carthon, & Sommers, 2016). Furthermore, with equitable clinical research participation, underrepresented groups will have higher chances to access potential life-saving treatments (Pesquera et al., 2010). Increasing diversity in cancer clinical trials will provide health professionals with an opportunity to reduce cancer health disparities and ensure the best chance for positive outcomes in cancer treatment and management across a broader patient spectrum.Moreover, the inclusion of minority groups such as Hispanics in cancer clinical research is well known to be of extreme importance as it will generalize research findings. Despite efforts from different organizations such as National Institute of Health [NIH], Food and Drug Administration [FDA], and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], ethnic minority groups remain underrepresented in clinical cancer research (Martinez, Cummings, Karriker-Jaffe, & Chartier, 2017). Multiple barriers have been identified which prevent ethnic/minority groups in cancer clinical research participation. Different minority groups share many similar barriers that prevent them from participating in cancer clinical research, however others barriers are unique to specific population groups (George, Duran, & Norris, 2014). Recent research has shown successful recruitment strategies that have increased the willingness of different minority groups including Hispanics in participating in cancer clinical research. Thus, there is a need to understand and explore the barriers that hinder Hispanics from participating in cancer clinical research as well as recruitment strategies that have been implemented and are yielding successful results so that they may be implemented across the country.Problem StatementNew discoveries, advances, and breakthroughs made in cancer prevention and treatment over the last 3 decades have aided in the decline in incidence and mortality rate in certain cancers as well as an increase in survival rate (Siegel, Fedewa, Miller, Godin-Sauer, Pinheiro, Martinez-Tyson, & Jemal, 2015). However, recent data has shown that minority and underprivileged populations have significant higher incidence and mortality rates in certain types of cancer such as breast, prostate, and cervical cancer (Siegel et al, 2015). Many of the same population groups that experience cancer health disparities are also significantly underrepresented in cancer clinical trials (Simon et al., 2014). Cancer disparities and equity research is needed to understand why some groups of people may be more or less likely to develop cancer, experience cancer-related health problems, or die from cancer more often than other groups of people. An increase in the diversity of participants in clinical trials can ensure that trial findings are applicable to a broader patient population.Purpose StatementThe purpose of this literature review is to identify barriers preventing Hispanics from participating in clinical cancer research, as well as to identify resources being implemented that have increased the willingness of Hispanics to participate in clinical cancer research.Research QuestionThe following research questions will be discussed in this literature review:What are the barriers that prevent Hispanics from participating in cancer clinical research?What resources currently in place are increasing cancer clinical research participation among Hispanics?

Formatting Requirements: Use APA Guidelines. 12 pt font. New Times Roman. Double space (2-3 Pages)
Assignment Requirements: Develop your proposal introduction to include:
Background & Significance
Research Problem
Research Purpose
Research Question
1 page
½ page
½ page
½ page
Background & Significance
• Identify and defining an area of concern or phenomena of interest (ie. prevalence of
cardiovascular disease in the U.S. and what is cardiovascular disease) with a particular
population and/or setting.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adolescent a growing crisis
Problem Statement
• Include the problem statement indicating what is known and not known and provide the basis for
the purpose of the review (this is the rationale for the review).
• As a part of the Introduction, effective problem statements answer the question “Why does this
research need to be conducted?” The clear statement of the problem is the focal point of your
research. It should state what you will be studying, whether you will do it through experimental
or non-experimental investigation, and what the purpose of your findings will be. In it, you are
looking for something wrong, something that needs close attention, or something where existing
methods no longer seem to be working.
• In your wording, be succinct and on target. Give a short summary of the research problem that
you have identified. A research proposal may not be considered acceptable or credible if you fail
to clearly identify the problem. Your biggest difficulty might be narrowing the topic since the
topic is still relatively unfamiliar to you. Your Literature Review should be a helpful source.
• You might present persuasive arguments as to why the problem is important enough to study or
include the opinions of others (nurses, physicians, public health advocates, other professionals).
Explain how the problem relates to health, disease, or nursing by presenting a bit of evidence
from your Literature Review that demonstrates the scope and depth of the problem. Try to give
dramatic and concrete illustrations of the problem. After writing the Introduction, however, make
sure you can still easily identify the single sentence that is the problem statement.
Purpose:
•
Formulate the purpose statement indicating the specific focus and aim of the review. This is a
restatement of the research question as a declarative statement followed by 1-2 sentences about
what the study findings will contribute to patient outcomes/nursing profession/etc.
The purpose of this literature review is to recognize the growing problem
Research Question(s)
•
•
•
Formulate 1-2 research questions that will address the problem and purpose of the study. This
must be consistent with the purpose of the study.
1. Why are so many adolescents developing T2DM at early ages?
2. What resources are there to prevent T2DM in adolescents?
https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3097
. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14845
https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0052
https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/41/12/2648/36602/Evaluation-and-Management-of-Youth-Onset-Type2
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevent-type-2/type-2-kids.html
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48916567/Other_complications_and_diabetes-associa20160917-14129w2t7x-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1663295146&Signature=Nhz7mkEpxPvFFlv2b1M6OloOKCvc5G3l8WKHPktwAOLUr9l3wGbDo8PI7H77b-5-lAJ-m7CCIYYf9eAGJULetpJwsyN~VpxEDDTL–YUlMgEUYfDVqfJhBewae0RC7UK1MAdaqTesdT6CPXHh8vePHNHUhAVa~lNWyOcbcaVNQh5b7LKbMfWQ6uL6hjWN4TRVi
CS7d7R9hlTXBeLB9yP0~CE0-1Ip4poluj7Nu8CGS9YP023TlUwKw~PpeSV4DODZ7isJm3gUHQmMTvUpcTjwngrxK4tHZNemOdJEb4AtAF8PqDMzCO71trcGFWf7QfH3E8FZij0aA8kHHHKQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=31
Research Proposal Introduction – Rubric
Background
Significance
Research
Problem
Statement
4
Background
clearly identifies
need for the
study
Very high
significance for
nursing
Problem
statement cited is
3
Background
provides some
need for the
study
High
significance for
nursing
Problem
statement mostly
2
Background to
support need for
the study not very
clear
Fair significance
for nursing
1
Limited background
to support need for
the study
0
Missing
Limited significance
for nursing
Missing
Problem statement
lacks pertinence
or is outdated
Problem statement
lacks pertinence and
is outdated
Missing
Research
Purpose
very pertinent
and timely
Very clear
purpose. Strong
linkage to area of
interest
Research
Question
Very clear
questions
Total=
pertinent and
timely
Clear purpose.
Description
Adequate
linkage to area of
interest
Clear questions
Purpose mostly
clear. Description
with weak linkage
to area of interest
Purpose not clear.
Description with
inadequate linkage to
area of interest
Missing
Mostly clear
questions
Research questions
not clear
Missing