Organic Chemistry 1 Lab 2 Pre-lab

Name:Exp #
Date:
Lab Partner
Title:
1. Abstract and Purpose: (2 point).
2. Balanced equation: (2 point)
There are several free structure drawing programs available e.g. acdlabs.com. If you
don’t have a drawing program, hand draw the structures.
3. Reagent Table (Add more rows when needed) (3 points)
Name
M.W.
(g/mol)
Density*
(g/mL)
M.P.*
(°C)
B.P.*
(°C)
Amount
(grams
or mL)
Moles
Hazards/Precautions
N.B. For solvents (like methanol) or drying agents (e.g. sodium sulfate), you don’t
need to calculate the moles.
* Report only when applicable
4. Calculations: Shown each calculation for moles of reagents, limiting reagent, theoretical yield
and percent yield. (4 points)
Calculating moles of reagents:
Determining limiting reagent:
Name:
Exp #
Date:
Lab Partner
The limiting reagent is
Calculating theoretical yield:
The theoretical yield is
The actual yield is
Calculating Percent yield:
Reaction percent yield is
5. Procedure, Observations and Data
Procedure (4 point)
Observations and Lab Data (4 point)
A summary of the procedure done with bullet points)
Report all observations and all data that you collect in the
(2 points)
lab here
6. Conclusions and discussions (4 points)
Name:
Exp #
Lab Partner
7. References: (1 point)
8. Image of your lab notebook. (3 point)
I reserve the right to modify points on this template at any time.
Date:
SIGMA-ALDRICH
sigma-aldrich.com
SAFETY DATA SHEET
Version 5.5
Revision Date 02/24/2014
Print Date 03/21/2014
1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
1.1
1.2
Product identifiers
Product name
:
Toluene
Product Number
Brand
Index-No.
REACH No.
:
:
:
:
CAS-No.
:
244511
Sigma-Aldrich
601-021-00-3
A registration number is not available for this substance as the substance
or its uses are exempted from registration, the annual tonnage does not
require a registration or the registration is envisaged for a later
registration deadline.
108-88-3
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses
1.3
1.4
:
Laboratory chemicals, Manufacture of substances
Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet
Company
:
Sigma-Aldrich
3050 Spruce Street
SAINT LOUIS MO 63103
USA
Telephone
Fax
:
:
+1 800-325-5832
+1 800-325-5052
Emergency telephone number
Emergency Phone #
:
(314) 776-6555
2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
2.1
Classification of the substance or mixture
GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
Flammable liquids (Category 2), H225
Skin irritation (Category 2), H315
Reproductive toxicity (Category 2), H361
Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure (Category 3), Central nervous system, H336
Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure (Category 2), H373
Aspiration hazard (Category 1), H304
Acute aquatic toxicity (Category 2), H401
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
2.2
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H225
H304
H315
H336
H361
Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
Causes skin irritation.
May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 1 of 9
H373
H401
May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Toxic to aquatic life.
Precautionary statement(s)
P201
P202
Obtain special instructions before use.
Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and
understood.
Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. – No smoking.
Keep container tightly closed.
Ground/bond container and receiving equipment.
Use explosion-proof electrical/ ventilating/ lighting/ equipment.
Use only non-sparking tools.
Take precautionary measures against static discharge.
Do not breathe dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray.
Wash skin thoroughly after handling.
Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
Avoid release to the environment.
Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/ face
protection.
IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/
physician.
IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/ Take off immediately all contaminated
clothing. Rinse skin with water/ shower.
IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position
comfortable for breathing.
IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/ attention.
Specific treatment (see supplemental first aid instructions on this label).
Do NOT induce vomiting.
If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/ attention.
Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
In case of fire: Use dry sand, dry chemical or alcohol-resistant foam for
extinction.
Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.
Store locked up.
Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
P210
P233
P240
P241
P242
P243
P260
P264
P271
P273
P280
P301 + P310
P303 + P361 + P353
P304 + P340
P308 + P313
P321
P331
P332 + P313
P362
P370 + P378
P403 + P233
P403 + P235
P405
P501
2.3
Hazards not otherwise classified (HNOC) or not covered by GHS – none
3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
3.1
Substances
Formula
Molecular Weight
CAS-No.
EC-No.
Index-No.
Component
:
:
:
:
:
C7H8
92.14 g/mol
108-88-3
203-625-9
601-021-00-3
Classification
Concentration
Toluene
Flam. Liq. 2; Skin Irrit. 2; Repr. 90 – 100 %
2; STOT SE 3; STOT RE 2;
Asp. Tox. 1; Aquatic Acute 2;
H225, H304, H315, H336,
H361, H373, H401
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 2 of 9
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
4.1
Description of first aid measures
General advice
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.Move out of dangerous area.
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
If swallowed
Do NOT induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a
physician.
4.2
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
The most important known symptoms and effects are described in the labelling (see section 2.2) and/or in section 11
4.3
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
no data available
5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
5.1
Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
5.2
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides
5.3
Advice for firefighters
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
5.4
Further information
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
6.1
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all
sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive
concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas.
For personal protection see section 8.
6.2
Environmental precautions
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment
must be avoided.
6.3
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in
container for disposal according to local regulations (see section 13).
6.4
Reference to other sections
For disposal see section 13.
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
7.1
Precautions for safe handling
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
Use explosion-proof equipment.Keep away from sources of ignition – No smoking.Take measures to prevent the build
up of electrostatic charge.
For precautions see section 2.2.
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 3 of 9
7.2
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully
resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Handle and store under inert gas.
7.3
Specific end use(s)
Apart from the uses mentioned in section 1.2 no other specific uses are stipulated
8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
8.1
Control parameters
Components with workplace control parameters
Component
CAS-No.
Value
Control
parameters
Toluene
108-88-3
TWA
100 ppm
375 mg/m3
STEL
150 ppm
560 mg/m3
TWA
200 ppm
Remarks
Z37.12-1967
CEIL
300 ppm
Z37.12-1967
Peak
500 ppm
Z37.12-1967
TWA
20 ppm
Basis
USA. OSHA – TABLE Z-1 Limits for
Air Contaminants – 1910.1000
USA. OSHA – TABLE Z-1 Limits for
Air Contaminants – 1910.1000
USA. Occupational Exposure Limits
(OSHA) – Table Z2
USA. Occupational Exposure Limits
(OSHA) – Table Z2
USA. Occupational Exposure Limits
(OSHA) – Table Z2
USA. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values
(TLV)
Visual impairment
Female reproductive
Pregnancy loss
2010 Adoption
Substances for which there is a Biological Exposure Index or Indices
(see BEI® section)
Not classifiable as a human carcinogen
TWA
100 ppm
USA. NIOSH Recommended
375 mg/m3
Exposure Limits
ST
150 ppm
USA. NIOSH Recommended
560 mg/m3
Exposure Limits
Biological occupational exposure limits
Component
CAS-No.
Parameters
Value
Biological
specimen
Basis
Toluene
0.02 mg/l
In blood
ACGIH – Biological
Exposure Indices
(BEI)
108-88-3
Toluene
Remarks
Prior to last shift of workweek
Toluene
0.03 mg/l Urine
ACGIH – Biological
Exposure Indices
(BEI)
End of shift (As soon as possible after exposure ceases)
o-Cresol
0.3 mg/g
Urine
ACGIH – Biological
Exposure Indices
(BEI)
End of shift (As soon as possible after exposure ceases)
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 4 of 9
8.2
Exposure controls
Appropriate engineering controls
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of
workday.
Personal protective equipment
Eye/face protection
Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate
government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without
touching glove’s outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after
use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Full contact
Material: Fluorinated rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Vitoject® (KCL 890 / Aldrich Z677698, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Fluorinated rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.7 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Vitoject® (KCL 890 / Aldrich Z677698, Size M)
data source: KCL GmbH, D-36124 Eichenzell, phone +49 (0)6659 87300, e-mail sales@kcl.de, test method:
EN374
If used in solution, or mixed with other substances, and under conditions which differ from EN 374, contact the
supplier of the CE approved gloves. This recommendation is advisory only and must be evaluated by an
industrial hygienist and safety officer familiar with the specific situation of anticipated use by our customers. It
should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
Body Protection
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing, The type of
protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance
at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.
If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and
components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the
environment must be avoided.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
9.1
Information on basic physical and chemical properties
a)
Appearance
Form: liquid
Colour: colourless
b)
Odour
no data available
c)
Odour Threshold
no data available
d)
pH
no data available
e)
Melting point/freezing
point
Melting point/range: -93 °C (-135 °F)
f)
Initial boiling point and
boiling range
110 – 111 °C (230 – 232 °F)
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 5 of 9
9.2
g)
Flash point
4.0 °C (39.2 °F) – closed cup
h)
Evapouration rate
no data available
i)
Flammability (solid, gas) no data available
j)
Upper/lower
flammability or
explosive limits
Upper explosion limit: 7 %(V)
Lower explosion limit: 1.2 %(V)
k)
Vapour pressure
29.1 hPa (21.8 mmHg) at 20.0 °C (68.0 °F)
l)
Vapour density
no data available
m) Relative density
0.865 g/mL at 25 °C (77 °F)
n)
Water solubility
no data available
o)
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water
no data available
p)
Auto-ignition
temperature
535.0 °C (995.0 °F)
q)
Decomposition
temperature
no data available
r)
Viscosity
no data available
s)
Explosive properties
no data available
t)
Oxidizing properties
no data available
Other safety information
no data available
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
10.1
Reactivity
no data available
10.2
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
10.3
Possibility of hazardous reactions
Vapours may form explosive mixture with air.
10.4
Conditions to avoid
Heat, flames and sparks. Extremes of temperature and direct sunlight.
10.5
Incompatible materials
Strong oxidizing agents
10.6
Hazardous decomposition products
Other decomposition products – no data available
In the event of fire: see section 5
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
11.1
Information on toxicological effects
Acute toxicity
LD50 Oral – rat – > 5,580 mg/kg
LC50 Inhalation – rat – 4 h – 12,500 – 28,800 mg/m3
LD50 Dermal – rabbit – 12,196 mg/kg
no data available
Skin corrosion/irritation
Skin – rabbit
Result: Skin irritation – 24 h
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 6 of 9
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
no data available
Respiratory or skin sensitisation
no data available
Germ cell mutagenicity
rat
Liver
DNA damage
Carcinogenicity
IARC:
3 – Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Toluene)
NTP:
No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a
known or anticipated carcinogen by NTP.
OSHA:
No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a
carcinogen or potential carcinogen by OSHA.
Reproductive toxicity
Damage to fetus possible
Suspected human reproductive toxicant
Reproductive toxicity – rat – Inhalation
Paternal Effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology,motility, and count).
Experiments have shown reproductive toxicity effects in male and female laboratory animals.
Developmental Toxicity – rat – Oral
Effects on Embryo or Fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus).
Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure
no data available
Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure
no data available
Aspiration hazard
no data available
Additional Information
RTECS: XS5250000
Lung irritation, chest pain, pulmonary edema, Inhalation studies on toluene have demonstrated the development of
inflammatory and ulcerous lesions of the penis, prepuce, and scrotum in animals.
Stomach – Irregularities – Based on Human Evidence
Stomach – Irregularities – Based on Human Evidence
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
12.1
Toxicity
Toxicity to fish
LC50 – Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) – 7.63 mg/l – 96 h
NOEC – Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) – 5.44 mg/l – 7 d
Toxicity to daphnia and
other aquatic
invertebrates
EC50 – Daphnia magna (Water flea) – 8.00 mg/l – 24 h
Immobilization EC50 – Daphnia magna (Water flea) – 6 mg/l – 48 h
Toxicity to algae
EC50 – Chlorella vulgaris (Fresh water algae) – 245.00 mg/l – 24 h
EC50 – Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (green algae) – 10.00 mg/l – 24 h
12.2
Persistence and degradability
Biodegradability
Result: – Readily biodegradable.
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Page 7 of 9
12.3
Bioaccumulative potential
no data available
12.4
Mobility in soil
no data available
12.5
Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not conducted
12.6
Other adverse effects
An environmental hazard cannot be excluded in the event of unprofessional handling or disposal.
Toxic to aquatic life.
13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
13.1
Waste treatment methods
Product
Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this
material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a
licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging
Dispose of as unused product.
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
DOT (US)
UN number: 1294
Class: 3
Proper shipping name: Toluene
Reportable Quantity (RQ): 1000 lbs
Marine pollutant: No
Poison Inhalation Hazard: No
IMDG
UN number: 1294
Class: 3
Proper shipping name: TOLUENE
Marine pollutant: No
IATA
UN number: 1294
Class: 3
Proper shipping name: Toluene
Packing group: II
Packing group: II
EMS-No: F-E, S-D
Packing group: II
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
REACH No.
:
A registration number is not available for this substance as the substance
or its uses are exempted from registration, the annual tonnage does not
require a registration or the registration is envisaged for a later
registration deadline.
SARA 302 Components
SARA 302: No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302.
SARA 313 Components
The following components are subject to reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313:
CAS-No.
Revision Date
Toluene
108-88-3
2007-07-01
SARA 311/312 Hazards
Fire Hazard, Acute Health Hazard, Chronic Health Hazard
Massachusetts Right To Know Components
Toluene
CAS-No.
108-88-3
Revision Date
2007-07-01
CAS-No.
Revision Date
Pennsylvania Right To Know Components
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Page 8 of 9
Toluene
108-88-3
2007-07-01
CAS-No.
108-88-3
Revision Date
2007-07-01
CAS-No.
108-88-3
Revision Date
2009-02-01
New Jersey Right To Know Components
Toluene
California Prop. 65 Components
WARNING: This product contains a chemical known to the
State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive
harm.
Toluene
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.
Aquatic Acute
Asp. Tox.
Flam. Liq.
H225
H304
H315
H336
H361
H373
H401
Repr.
Skin Irrit.
Acute aquatic toxicity
Aspiration hazard
Flammable liquids
Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
Causes skin irritation.
May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.
May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
Toxic to aquatic life.
Reproductive toxicity
Skin irritation
HMIS Rating
Health hazard:
Chronic Health Hazard:
Flammability:
Physical Hazard
2
*
3
0
NFPA Rating
Health hazard:
Fire Hazard:
Reactivity Hazard:
2
3
0
Further information
Copyright 2014 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. License granted to make unlimited paper copies for internal use only.
The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a
guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the
product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the
product. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation and its Affiliates shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling
or from contact with the above product. See www.sigma-aldrich.com and/or the reverse side of invoice or packing
slip for additional terms and conditions of sale.
Preparation Information
Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
Product Safety – Americas Region
1-800-521-8956
Version: 5.5
Sigma-Aldrich – 244511
Revision Date: 02/24/2014
Print Date: 03/21/2014
Page 9 of 9
SIGMA-ALDRICH
sigma-aldrich.com
Material Safety Data Sheet
Version 5.1
Revision Date 05/17/2013
Print Date 02/27/2014
1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION
Product name
:
Cyclohexane
Product Number
Brand
:
:
227048
Sigma-Aldrich
Supplier
:
Telephone
Fax
Emergency Phone # (For
both supplier and
manufacturer)
Preparation Information
:
:
:
Sigma-Aldrich
3050 Spruce Street
SAINT LOUIS MO 63103
USA
+1 800-325-5832
+1 800-325-5052
(314) 776-6555
:
Sigma-Aldrich Corporation
Product Safety – Americas Region
1-800-521-8956
2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
Emergency Overview
OSHA Hazards
Flammable liquid, Irritant
Target Organs
Lungs, Central nervous system
GHS Classification
Flammable liquids (Category 2)
Acute toxicity, Inhalation (Category 4)
Acute toxicity, Dermal (Category 5)
Skin irritation (Category 2)
Eye irritation (Category 2B)
Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure (Category 3)
Aspiration hazard (Category 1)
Acute aquatic toxicity (Category 1)
Chronic aquatic toxicity (Category 1)
GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements
Pictogram
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statement(s)
H225
H304
H313
H315 + H320
H332
H336
H410
Highly flammable liquid and vapour.
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
May be harmful in contact with skin.
Causes skin and eye irritation.
Harmful if inhaled.
May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
Page 1 of 8
Precautionary statement(s)
P210
Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. – No smoking.
P261
Avoid breathing dust/ fume/ gas/ mist/ vapours/ spray.
P273
Avoid release to the environment.
P301 + P310
IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/ physician.
P305 + P351 + P338
IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if
present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P331
Do NOT induce vomiting.
P501
Dispose of contents/ container to an approved waste disposal plant.
HMIS Classification
Health hazard:
Flammability:
Physical hazards:
2
3
0
NFPA Rating
Health hazard:
Fire:
Reactivity Hazard:
2
3
0
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation
Skin
Eyes
Ingestion
May be harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. Vapours may cause
drowsiness and dizziness.
May be harmful if absorbed through skin. Causes skin irritation.
Causes eye irritation.
May be harmful if swallowed. Aspiration hazard if swallowed – can enter lungs and
cause damage.
3. COMPOSITION/INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Formula
Molecular Weight
:
:
C6H12
84.16 g/mol
Component
Cyclohexane
CAS-No.
EC-No.
Index-No.
Concentration
110-82-7
203-806-2
601-017-00-1
–
4. FIRST AID MEASURES
General advice
Consult a physician. Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.Move out of dangerous area.
If inhaled
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact
Wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
If swallowed
Do NOT induce vomiting. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Rinse mouth with water. Consult a
physician.
5. FIREFIGHTING MEASURES
Conditions of flammability
Flammable in the presence of a source of ignition when the temperature is above the flash point. Keep away from
heat/sparks/open flame/hot surface. No smoking.
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
Page 2 of 8
Suitable extinguishing media
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special protective equipment for firefighters
Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.
Hazardous combustion products
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. – Carbon oxides
Further information
Use water spray to cool unopened containers.
6. ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Personal precautions
Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all
sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive
concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas.
Environmental precautions
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment
must be avoided.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in
container for disposal according to local regulations (see section 13).
7. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Precautions for safe handling
Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition – No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build
up of electrostatic charge.
Conditions for safe storage
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed
and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Store under inert gas.
8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Components with workplace control parameters
Components
CAS-No.
Value
Control
parameters
100 ppm
Cyclohexane
110-82-7
TWA
Remarks
Central Nervous System impairment
TWA
300 ppm
1,050 mg/m3
TWA
300 ppm
1,050 mg/m3
The value in mg/m3 is approximate.
TWA
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
300 ppm
1,050 mg/m3
Basis
USA. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
USA. OSHA – TABLE Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants 1910.1000
USA. Occupational Exposure Limits (OSHA) – Table Z-1
Limits for Air Contaminants
USA. NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits
Page 3 of 8
Personal protective equipment
Respiratory protection
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multi-purpose
combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the
respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components
tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Hand protection
Handle with gloves. Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching
glove’s outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in
accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.
Full contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.4 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Camatril® (KCL 730 / Aldrich Z677442, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 35 min
Material tested:Dermatril® (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
data source: KCL GmbH, D-36124 Eichenzell, phone +49 (0)6659 87300, e-mail sales@kcl.de, test method: EN374
If used in solution, or mixed with other substances, and under conditions which differ from EN 374, contact the
supplier of the CE approved gloves. This recommendation is advisory only and must be evaluated by an industrial
hygienist and safety officer familiar with the specific situation of anticipated use by our customers. It should not be
construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
Eye protection
Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate
government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin and body protection
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing, The type of protective
equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific
workplace.
Hygiene measures
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of
workday.
9. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance
Form
liquid
Colour
colourless
Safety data
pH
no data available
Melting
point/freezing point
Melting point/range: 4 – 7 °C (39 – 45 °F) – lit.
Boiling point
80.7 °C (177.3 °F) – lit.
Flash point
-18.0 °C (-0.4 °F) – closed cup
Ignition temperature
260 °C (500 °F)
Auto-ignition
temperature
260.0 °C (500.0 °F)
Lower explosion limit
1 %(V)
Upper explosion limit
9 %(V)
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
Page 4 of 8
Vapour pressure
225.0 hPa (168.8 mmHg) at 37.7 °C (99.9 °F)
102.7 hPa (77.0 mmHg) at 20.0 °C (68.0 °F)
Density
0.779 g/cm3 at 25 °C (77 °F)
Water solubility
no data available
Partition coefficient:
n-octanol/water
log Pow: 3.44
Relative vapour
density
no data available
Odour
no data available
Odour Threshold
no data available
Evapouration rate
no data available
10. STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
Chemical stability
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
Vapours may form explosive mixture with air.
Conditions to avoid
Heat, flames and sparks. Extremes of temperature and direct sunlight.
Materials to avoid
Strong oxidizing agents
Hazardous decomposition products
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. – Carbon oxides
Other decomposition products – no data available
11. TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Acute toxicity
Oral LD50
LD50 Oral – rat – 12,705 mg/kg
Inhalation LC50
LC50 Inhalation – rat – 4 h – 13,900 mg/m3
Dermal LD50
LD50 Dermal – rabbit – > 2,000 mg/kg
Other information on acute toxicity
no data available
Skin corrosion/irritation
Skin – rabbit – No skin irritation
Serious eye damage/eye irritation
Eyes – rabbit – Mild eye irritation
Respiratory or skin sensitisation
no data available
Germ cell mutagenicity
no data available
Carcinogenicity
IARC:
No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as
probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen by IARC.
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
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ACGIH:
No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a
carcinogen or potential carcinogen by ACGIH.
NTP:
No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a
known or anticipated carcinogen by NTP.
OSHA:
No component of this product present at levels greater than or equal to 0.1% is identified as a
carcinogen or potential carcinogen by OSHA.
Reproductive toxicity
no data available
Teratogenicity
no data available
Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure (Globally Harmonized System)
May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure (Globally Harmonized System)
no data available
Aspiration hazard
May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.
Potential health effects
Inhalation
Ingestion
Skin
Eyes
May be harmful if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. Vapours may cause
drowsiness and dizziness.
May be harmful if swallowed. Aspiration hazard if swallowed – can enter lungs and cause
damage.
May be harmful if absorbed through skin. Causes skin irritation.
Causes eye irritation.
Signs and Symptoms of Exposure
Central nervous system depression, Drowsiness, Irritability, Dizziness, Gastrointestinal disturbance, Lung irritation, chest
pain, pulmonary edema
Synergistic effects
no data available
Additional Information
RTECS: GU6300000
12. ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
Toxicity
Toxicity to fish
LC50 – Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) – 34.7 mg/l – 96.0 h
LC50 – Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) – 32 – 93 mg/l – 96.0 h
Toxicity to daphnia
and other aquatic
invertebrates
EC50 – Daphnia magna (Water flea) – 3.78 mg/l – 48 h
Persistence and degradability
Biodegradability
Result: – Not readily biodegradable.
Bioaccumulative potential
no data available
Mobility in soil
no data available
PBT and vPvB assessment
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
Page 6 of 8
no data available
Other adverse effects
An environmental hazard cannot be excluded in the event of unprofessional handling or disposal.
Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Product
Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material
is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed
professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging
Dispose of as unused product.
14. TRANSPORT INFORMATION
DOT (US)
UN number: 1145 Class: 3
Proper shipping name: Cyclohexane
Reportable Quantity (RQ): 1000 lbs
Marine pollutant: No
Poison Inhalation Hazard: No
IMDG
UN number: 1145 Class: 3
Proper shipping name: CYCLOHEXANE
Marine pollutant: No
IATA
UN number: 1145 Class: 3
Proper shipping name: Cyclohexane
Packing group: II
Packing group: II
EMS-No: F-E, S-D
Packing group: II
15. REGULATORY INFORMATION
OSHA Hazards
Flammable liquid, Irritant
SARA 302 Components
SARA 302: No chemicals in this material are subject to the reporting requirements of SARA Title III, Section 302.
SARA 313 Components
The following components are subject to reporting levels established by SARA Title III, Section 313:
CAS-No.
Revision Date
Cyclohexane
110-82-7
2007-07-01
SARA 311/312 Hazards
Fire Hazard, Acute Health Hazard
Massachusetts Right To Know Components
Cyclohexane
CAS-No.
110-82-7
Revision Date
2007-07-01
CAS-No.
110-82-7
Revision Date
2007-07-01
CAS-No.
110-82-7
Revision Date
2007-07-01
Pennsylvania Right To Know Components
Cyclohexane
New Jersey Right To Know Components
Cyclohexane
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
Page 7 of 8
California Prop. 65 Components
This product does not contain any chemicals known to State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or any other
reproductive harm.
16. OTHER INFORMATION
Further information
Copyright 2013 Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. License granted to make unlimited paper copies for internal use only.
The above information is believed to be correct but does not purport to be all inclusive and shall be used only as a
guide. The information in this document is based on the present state of our knowledge and is applicable to the
product with regard to appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent any guarantee of the properties of the
product. Sigma-Aldrich Corporation and its Affiliates shall not be held liable for any damage resulting from handling or
from contact with the above product. See www.sigma-aldrich.com and/or the reverse side of invoice or packing slip for
additional terms and conditions of sale.
Sigma-Aldrich – 227048
Page 8 of 8
Organic Chemistry I Laboratory
Dr. Xiaolei Gao; xgao@caldwell.edu
Experiment 2:Distillation
Comparative Distillation of
Toluene/Cyclohexane Mixture
Distillations
• Distillation is a method of purifying liquids through differences in boiling points.
• It’s a process which has been in use since ancient times and continues to be used
even today in modern refineries and chemical laboratories.
Desalinizing Water
Distilled Spirits
• By heating a mixture of two liquids at a temperature
in between their boiling points, the lower boiling
point liquid will evaporate, sending vapors through
the cooled condenser to cool into liquid, which can
be collected at the other end of the distillation
apparatus.
• Once most of the first liquid has left the still, the
temperature will rise quickly toward the boiling
point of the second liquid.
Oil Refinery
Objectives of Lab 2
• Carry out a simple distillation or a fractional distillation and plot
progress curves of the process.
Toluene
b.p. 110.6°C
cyclohexane
b.p. 81.0°C
• Demonstrate the technique for simple distillation or a fractional
distillation and understand the difference between them.
Simple Distillations
Simple distillation is often considered when:
a) the liquid is relatively pure to begin with (e.g., < 10% liquid contaminants) b) essentially a pure material is separated from a non-volatile or from a solid contaminant c) the liquid is contaminated by a liquid with a B.P. that differs by at least 40°C. Position of the thermometer should be at the intersection of the stillhead. Cold water should travel from bottom to top of the condenser. Fractional Distillations • A fractional distillation is used when separating mixtures of liquids whose boiling points are similar (separated by less than 40 oC). • Fractionating columns are often packed with metal wire, metal ribbon or glass beads that give extra condensing surfaces to refine the distillation process. • In fractional distillation, the vapors generated in the pot rise up the fractionating column and encounter cooler surfaces, upon which they condense. The condensed liquid is then reheated by rising hot vapors and revaporizes. This process of condensation and revaporization may occur again and again as the vapors rise up the column. This ensures that the vapor reaching the final condenser is as pure as possible. Crude oil is separated into its various components by fractional distillation. Fractional Distillations: How Oil Refining Works Distillation columns in an oil refinery The various components of crude oil can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. Materials • A 100 mL round-bottom flask • Still head • Thermometer • Graduated cylinder • Condenser • Fractionating column • Boiling stones • Heating mantle and Variac transformer • A pre-made 1:2 mixture of cyclohexane/toluene (30 mL) Safety Consideration • Wear PPE. Use Nitrile gloves especially when handling chemicals; Handle them inside the hood. Avoid any contact with skin and direct inhalation. • Study the MSDSs of all chemicals before coming to the lab. • Cyclohexane and tolune is highly flammable! Be careful when handling volatile and flammable compounds because vapor can catch fire even without spark/flame. • Examine your glassware for crack before use. • Make sure the receiving end is open to the atmosphere. • Be certain that the water hoses are securely fastened to your condenser (use copper wire if needed, ask instructor) Distillations Procedures ( to be continued…) • Half of the class will do simple distillation and Half of the class will do fractional distillation. • Place 30 mL of the pre-made 1:2 mixture of cyclohexane/toluene and 3 boiling chips in a 100 mL round-bottom flask. (Never add boiling chips when solvent is boiling!) • Assemble the distillation apparatus as shown before. (The only difference in setup between the two setups is the use of a fractionating column used during fractional distillation. The fractionating column is placed directly above the boiling flask.) • The top of the thermometer bulb is level with the bottom of the sidearm of the stillhead. • Use a graduated cylinder (50 or 100 mL) to collect drops of condensate (Let drops fall straight down rather than run down the inner wall of cylinder. • Make sure fit is perfect and no vapor will leak out! • Wrap the still head with aluminum foil. Leave a little flap to flip open visually check in on presence of vapors. Distillations Procedures (continue) • Heating mantle need to connect with a Variac transformer. – Start the Variac at 75 V; if vapors don’t reach stillhead in 10 min, increase the voltage by 10 V. Repeat the process if necessary. – Regulate the voltage so the rate of distillation is at 2-4 drops/sec for simple distillation and 1-2 drops/sec for fractional distillation. • Read and record the temperature for every 3 mL of distillate collected. Discontinue heating when 1-2 mL of liquid remains. Volume (mL) Temp (°C) 3 6 9 12 … • Plot Temp (y-axis) vs volume for both the simple distillation and fractional distillation • You need to ask another team for their data table of the factional distillation to construct the Temp (y-axis) vs. volume plot and vice versa. Simple Distillations vs Fractional Distillation Of the two progress curve for distillation, which one represents a simple distillation and which one represents a fractional distillation? How to Dissemble the Apparatus • Shut the Variac off, unplug it from the wall and disconnect it from the heating mantle. • Pour your distillate from the graduated cylinder into waste bottle (Nonhalogenated waster in the hood in the back) • Remove thermometer, then its adaptor. • Disconnect the vacuum adapter followed by the condenser. • Shut the condenser water flow, and without spillage of water, disconnect the condenser hoses (hang them at the back of the hood). • Disconnect the stillhead, then the Hempel column, • Next disconnect round bottom flask, then throw the stones in trash (Not in sink!) • Put away the heating mantle in your locker and return the Variac back where it came from. Do not get them wet! Before you leave… • Clean and return all glassware to your drawer. • Clean your Hood, bench top and wash your hands • Have your instructor sign your data sheet, which is to be attached with your lab report