Sample Report Salicylate Lab Report

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Microsoft Excel 2013
Creating a XY Scatter Chart
Introduction
This document will walk you through the process of creating a XY Scatter Chart using Microsoft Excel
2013 and using the available Excel features to format the Scatter Chart.
Sections in this document:
Introduction
Entering Data
Making a Graph
Changing the Chart Title
Printing and Fine-Tuning
Checklist for a Presentable Graph
Entering Data
The most common way to organize data in Excel is by creating a vertical column with a label in the
first row.
Example: Solutions of varying concentration are analyzed by an instrument which generates a signal
based on the solution concentration.
In this case the independent quantity is Concentration and the dependent variable is Signal (we know
the concentration, but we have to measure the signal that it causes). This means that Concentration
should be on the X-axis and Signal should be on the Y-axis. In Excel, the X-axis values need to be to
the left of the Y-axis values.
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Making a Graph
For starters, Excel refers to graphs as “charts”. By graphing this data, we can see the relationship
between signal and concentration.
1. Select the data to be graphed by clicking and
dragging the cursor over the range of cells
containing your data (including labels).
2. Select the Insert Tab from the Ribbon.
3. Select the Scatter button in the Charts group
and select the first subtype (Scatter with only
markers).
4. If the XY Scatter Chart is covering the data,
move it by placing your mouse in a blank area
of the chart until your mouse turns into a four
headed arrow, hold down the left mouse
button and drag the chart to a clear area on
the worksheet.
2
Changing the Chart Title
1. Select the “Chart Title” above the chart itself and type directly over it with your desired title.
If there is no title:
2. Select the plus symbol to the right of the chart.
3. Check the Chart Title box.
4. Select the Above Chart option. The Chart Title text box appears above the chart.
5. Type your chart title and press ENTER on your keyboard.
3
Adding Axis Titles
Axis labels should include the quantity being measured (data type) and the units (IMPORTANT!).
1. Select the plus symbol to the right of the chart.
2. Check the Axis Titles box. Both vertical and horizontal axis title boxes appear on the graph.
3. Type the vertical axis title you want (Signal (units) was used in this example) and press ENTER.
4. Type the horizontal axis title you want (Concentration (mol/L) was used in this example) and
press ENTER.
Response of an Instrument to Varying
Solution Concentrations
Signal (Units)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Concentration (mol/L)
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Best Fit Line, Slope and Intercept
Often, we need to determine the mathematical relationship between the points on a graph. In the
graph above, you can see that the points form a straight line. A best fit line can be added to the graph
by the following the steps below:
1. Click once on the chart to select it.
2. Select the Plus Symbol to the right of the chart.
3. Check the Trendline box and click the triangle arrow next to the word Trendline.
4. Then select More Options… at the bottom of the list.
5. The Format Trendline dialog box will appear.
6. Click beside Linear.
The equation of that line will follow the form:
y = mx + b – where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
To determine the value of m and b:
7. At the bottom of this dialog box, check the box for
Display Equation on chart. You may also want to check
the box for Display R-squared value on chart for some
graphs.
8. Click Close (X) button in upper right hand corner of the
Format Trendline box to close.
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9. When you return to your graph, it will have the equation of the best fit line, along with the Rsquared value. Often the equation is in the middle of the graph and may be covering data points,
so you can move it to one side by dragging the equation.
Response of an Instrument to Varying
Solution Concentrations
Signal (Units)
0.25
y = 0.0107x – 0.0043
R² = 0.9963
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Concentration (mol/L)
The R-squared statistic is a rough measure of how well the data fit the model of a straight line. The
closer this value is to 1.0, the better the fit of the data to the linear model. In this graph, the points
are all very close to the best fit line, so the R-squared value is high (above 0.99). An R-squared
statistic below 0.9 is typically an indicator of a poor fit, and might prompt you to look for an outlier in
the data points.
Printing and Fine-Tuning
When printing, you must make sure the graph is selected. When selected, the graph will have a border
around it and the ‘Chart Tools’ become available on the top ribbon. When the graph is not selected
these ‘Chart Tools’ go away.
Changing numbering on an axis
1. Click once on the chart to
select it.
2. Select the Plus Symbol
to the right of the chart.
3. Next to the AXES box,
click the triangle arrow.
4. Then select More
Options… at the bottom
of the list.
5. The Format Axis box will
appear on the right of
the screen. The axis
selected (x or y) is
indicated by which axis
has a box around it on
the graph. Click on the
other axis to move
between them. In this example, the x-axis is selected, and so all of the values in the Format axis
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box relate to x-axis scale. Often the ‘Auto’ function does a good job of selecting the Bounds
(range of the axis) and Units (increments where numbers are displayed for axis). You can type
over any of the values and hit enter to change the way the data are displayed.
Gridlines
1.
2.
3.
4.
Click once on the chart to select it.
Select the Plus Symbol to the right of the chart.
Next to the Gridlines box, click the triangle arrow.
Turn gridlines on and off by checking or unchecking the boxes as appropriate.
Printing
1.
2.
3.
4.
To print the graph alone, on its own page, select it on the worksheet.
Click the File tab on the ribbon.
Select Print.
The Print dialog box will open. You can switch the orientation between Portrait and Landscape
based on what’s visually appropriate for your graph.
5. Make your selections and click Print.
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Checklist for a Presentable Graph
The following items are required for a good graph (usually, content may vary).
1. Useful title
a.
b.
More than just “Y vs. X”
Not just “Concentration”, but “Concentration of NaCl in…”
2. X and Y axis labels (with units in parentheses)
3. Appropriate numerical scale on x and y axes
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Conventional increments count by 1, 5, 10, 50 or 100, etc… (or 0.001, 0.005, 0.0025,
etc…)
Make sure all data are on the graph
If a point has a y-value of 102 and the y axis only goes to 100, the point will not be visible
Do not include extra decimals in the axis labels
If the range is 0 to 200, the numbers should be in the format 0, 100, 200 and not in the
format 100.000, 200.000, etc…
4. When printing, choose landscape or portrait depending on what looks best for the graph
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